The influence of inorganic components and carbon-oxygen surface functionalities in activated hydrothermally carbonized w
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The influence of inorganic components and carbon-oxygen surface functionalities in activated hydrothermally carbonized waste materials for water treatment Mirva Niinipuu 1,2 & Kenneth G. Latham 1 & Stina Jansson 1 Received: 16 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this study, we have examined how the activation of hydrothermally carbonized sewage sludge and horse manure influences the inorganic component of these materials and surface chemistry. This was examined through statistical correlations between kinetic tests using trimethoprim, fluconazole, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper, zinc, and arsenic and physicochemical properties. Yield and inorganic content varied considerably, with potassium hydroxide–activated materials producing lower yields with higher inorganic content. Phosphoric acid activation incorporated inorganically bound phosphorus into the material, although this showed no statistically relevant benefit. A maximum surface area of 1363 m2g−1 and 343 m2g−1 was achieved for the horse manure and sewage sludge. Statistical analysis found positive correlations between carbon-oxygen functionalities and trimethoprim, fluconazole, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper removal, while inorganic content was negatively correlated. Conversely, arsenic removal was positively correlated with inorganic content. This research provides insight into the interactions with the organic/inorganic fraction of activated waste materials for water treatment. Keywords Hydrochar . Biochar . Chemical activation . Sewage sludge . Horse manure . Linear regression analysis
Introduction Highlights • The impact of activation conditions on waste-based hydrochar was explored • Waste-based activated carbon outperformed commercial granular activated carbon • Inorganic material had a negative correlation to the removal of organic pollutants • H3PO4 activation bound phosphate groups to the inorganic material in sewage sludge • Inorganic material in sewage sludge enhanced the removal of carbon under activation Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09839-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Stina Jansson [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 90736, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
2
Industrial Doctoral School, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
The conversion of waste materials into useful value-added products is a prerequisite for achieving a sustainable society. Furthermore, the conversion method must also be environmentally benign, with the final product aimed at replacing a nonsustainable product. Activated carbon is an ideal candidate for replacement, as it is commonly produced from non-renewable fossil-based resources, such as peat, lignite, and coal (Marsh and Rodríguez-Reinoso 2006a). Activated carbon can also be produced from a wide range of bio-resources, such as coconut husk; however, these may be better ut
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