The Interactive Effects of Natural Factor and Pollution Source on Surface Water Quality in the Lower Mekong River Basin,
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YDROCHEMISTRY, HYDROBIOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
The Interactive Effects of Natural Factor and Pollution Source on Surface Water Quality in the Lower Mekong River Basin, Southwestern Vietnam Binh Thanh Nguyena, Long Dinh Voa, Tong Xuan Nguyena, and Ngo Xuan Quangb, * a
Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering, and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam b Faculty of Natural Sciences, Thu Dau Mot University, no. 6, Tran Van On Street, Phu Hoa Ward, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam *e-mail: [email protected] Received March 1, 2019; revised November 13, 2019; accepted November 13, 2019
Abstract—Surface water quality could be interactively affected by the natural factor (seasonal variation) and human pollution source (industrial, agricultural, and residential sources). The current study was conducted in Hau Giang province in southwestern Vietnam (1) to investigate the interactive effect of natural factor and human pollution source and (2) to identify potential mechanisms related to the effects on quality parameters of surface water. Water samples were taken from 29 points in 2013, 2014, and 2015 in the dry and rainy seasons in industrial, agricultural, and residential zones to measure 11 parameters. While pH, NH4+ , PO34− , and temperature were significantly higher in the dry than the rainy season, NO3− , dissolved oxygen (DO), and Fe were significantly affected by both experimental factors. The interactive effect of the two factors on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) was significant. Residential and industrial zones had higher BOD5 and COD concentrations in the dry than in the rainy season, while agricultural zones showed no differences between the two seasons. The dilution effect in the rainy season and concentrative effect in the dry season may explain the seasonal difference in the residential and industrial zones. Meanwhile, agricultural runoff could be a mechanism to bring more organic matter to the sampling points during the rainy season, neutralizing the dilution effect. In conclusion, pollution sources such as agricultural production, residential areas, and industrial manufacturing may directly affect surface water quality, while, the seasonal variation could modify the impacts by introducing dilution and runoff effects. Keywords: water quality, seasonal variation, anthropogenic influences, pollution sources DOI: 10.1134/S0097807820050024
INTRODUCTION Surface freshwater quality is of global concern due to its significant impact on various aspects of human and natural ecosystems. This is especially true in developing countries because surface water from rivers and canals support millions of people by providing functions, including transportation, agricultural production (rice production, aquaculture), tourism, recreation, and hydropower production. Raschid-Sally and Jayakody [24] even reported that many developing countries also used polluted wate
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