Variability of water quality and metal pollution index in the Ganges River, Bangladesh
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Variability of water quality and metal pollution index in the Ganges River, Bangladesh Md. Morshedul Haque 1 & Nahin Mostofa Niloy 1 & Omme K. Nayna 2 & Konica J. Fatema 3 & Shamshad B. Quraishi 3 & Ji-Hyung Park 2 & Kyoung-Woong Kim 4 & Shafi M. Tareq 1 Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Ganges River is one of the biggest transboundary streams in the Indian sub-continent. The significant part of this waterway channel drains one of the most densely populated areas on the planet so it is unequivocally influenced by human activities. Unprecedented high-temporal-resolution samples were collected for investigating the seasonal variability of water quality. Water quality index (WQI) reveals large seasonal variation among three major seasons and also indicates that the river water is not suitable for drinking and other household uses. The dominant water facies is bicarbonate (HCO3−). The water quality indices, %Na, Kelley’s ratio (KR), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), reveal that the water is appropriate for irrigation. The permeability index (PI) indicated that the water is moderate to poorly useable for agricultural purposes. Heavy metals concentrations demonstrated significant seasonal variations with high concentrations during the monsoon due to flushing of pollutants from catchment areas by intense monsoonal precipitations. In addition, local activities such as oil spills from the boat, vehicle washing water, and agricultural runoff may also added pollutants. The single-factor pollution index (Ii) and Nemerow pollution index (Ni) exhibits minor pollution. The values of heavy metal pollution index (HPI) are far below than the critical limit (100) for the studied month, although relatively higher HPI values found for April, August, and November than other months might come from domestic wastes and agricultural activities. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) values of all the months indicated a low degree of pollution. Even though the river water pollution level is low, the authority should take proper management and monitoring strategy for sustainable use. Keywords River Ganga . Water quality index (WQI) . Heavy metal . Temporal variation . Public health . Drinking and irrigation Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10060-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Md. Morshedul Haque [email protected] * Shafi M. Tareq [email protected] 1
Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
2
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
3
Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
4
Scho
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