The Interplay Between Auxin and the Cell Cycle During Plant Development
The essential role of auxin for cell proliferation in plants is well known. Both auxin signaling and cell cycle regulation have been studied elaborately, but less is known about the connection between these processes. Recent studies report on the first mo
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The Interplay Between Auxin and the Cell Cycle During Plant Development Marlies J.F. Demeulenaere and Tom Beeckman
Abstract The essential role of auxin for cell proliferation in plants is well known. Both auxin signaling and cell cycle regulation have been studied elaborately, but less is known about the connection between these processes. Recent studies report on the first molecular pathways that have been found to directly link auxin levels to the regulation of cell cycle activity. Here, we discuss the general effect of auxin on cell cycle progression and then zoom in on the interplay between auxin and the cell cycle during root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. At the root tip, an auxin gradient maintains the correct organization of the ground tissue layers and controls the size of the root apical meristem. During auxin-induced lateral root initiation LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN transcription factors are upregulated and control reactivation of the cell cycle and cell specification, both of which are needed for proper lateral root initiation. Auxin-induced lateral root initiation-like pathways are also involved in cell cycle reactivation during the formation of nematode feeding sites, nitrogen-fixing nodules and callus tissue, pointing to the existence of one common auxin–cell cycle module to initiate new organs in plants.
1 Introduction Auxin has been known for a long time as an important regulator of cell proliferation and raised auxin levels are generally considered as a prerequisite for cell division competence. Although recently much knowledge has been gained about both auxin
M.J.F. Demeulenaere • T. Beeckman (*) Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] E. Zazˇ´ımalova´ et al. (eds.), Auxin and Its Role in Plant Development, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1526-8_7, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014
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M.J.F. Demeulenaere and T. Beeckman
signaling and the regulation of the plant cell cycle, many questions remain unanswered concerning the connection between both processes. During the last years, several studies, mainly on root development, have elucidated molecular pathways that link cellular auxin levels to regulation of the cell cycle machinery. Here, we first give an overview of the general effects of auxin on the plant cell cycle and then discuss the interaction between auxin and cell cycle activity during plant developmental processes. We focus on post-embryonic root development in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and particularly on the reactivation of the cell cycle during auxin-induced lateral root initiation.
2 The Cell Cycle Machinery A regular mitotic cell cycle consists of four different phases. From the G1 gap phase, cells progress toward the S phase, during which DNA is replicated. After a second gap phase, G2, cells divide into two daughter cells at the M phase. The three phases from G1 to G2 are co
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