The interplay between structure, processing, and properties in organic photovoltaic devices: how to translate recent lab
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olymers/Soft Matter Prospective Article
The interplay between structure, processing, and properties in organic photovoltaic devices: how to translate recent laboratory-scale developments to modules Caroline Grand and John R. Reynolds, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Address all correspondence John R. Reynolds at [email protected] (Received 17 February 2015; accepted 20 April 2015)
Abstract The design of π-conjugated molecules and polymers has driven the increase in efficiency of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices from 90% quantum efficiency. Adv. Mater. 26, 1923 (2014). S. Sweetnam, K.R. Graham, G.O. Ngongang Ndjawa, T. Heumüller, J.A. Bartelt, T.M. Burke, W. Li, W. You, A. Amassian, and M.D. McGehee: Characterization of the polymer energy landscape in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunctions with pure and mixed phases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 14078 (2014). L.J. Richter, D.M. DeLongchamp, F.A. Bokel, S. Engmann, K.W. Chou, A. Amassian, E. Schaible, and A. Hexemer: In situ morphology studies of the mechanism for solution additive effects on the formation of bulk heterojunction films. Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015). M. Abdelsamie, K. Zhao, M.R. Niazi, K.W. Chou, and A. Amassian: In situ UV-visible absorption during spin-coating of organic semiconductors: a new probe for organic electronics and photovoltaics. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 3373 (2014). J. Rivnay, S.C.B. Mannsfeld, C.E. Miller, A. Salleo, and M.F. Toney: Quantitative determination of organic semiconductor microstructure from the molecular to device scale. Chem. Rev. 112, 5488 (2012). R.J. Kline: Dependence of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) film morphology and field-effect mobility on molecular weight. Macromolecules 38, 3312 (2005). A.A.Y. Guilbert, J.M. Frost, T. Agostinelli, E. Pires, S. Lilliu, J. E. Macdonald, and J. Nelson: Influence of bridging atom and side chains on the structure and crystallinity of cyclopentadithiophene–benzothiadiazole polymers. Chem. Mater. 26, 1226 (2013). J.K. Park, J. Jo, J.H. Seo, J.S. Moon, Y.D. Park, K. Lee, A.J. Heeger, and G.C. Bazan: End-capping effect of a narrow bandgap conjugated polymer on bulk heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Mater. 23, 2430 (2011). S. Kouijzer, J.J. Michels, M. van den Berg, V.S. Gevaerts, M. Turbiez, M. M. Wienk, and R.A.J. Janssen: Predicting morphologies of solution processed polymer:fullerene blends. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 12057 (2013). P.M. Beaujuge, H.N. Tsao, M.R. Hansen, C.M. Amb, C. Risko, J. Subbiah, K.R. Choudhury, A. Mavrinskiy, W. Pisula, J.-L. Brédas, F. So, K. Müllen, and J.R. Reynolds: Synthetic principles directing charge transport in low-band-gap dithienosilole–benzothiadiazole copolymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 8944 (2012). S. Wang, M. Kappl, I. Liebewirth, M. Müller, K. Kirchhoff, W. Pisula, and K. Müllen: Organic field-effect transistors based on highly ordered single polymer fibers. Adv. Mater. 24, 417 (2012). T. L
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