The key roles of salicylic acid and sulfur in plant salinity stress tolerance
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The key roles of salicylic acid and sulfur in plant salinity stress tolerance Faisal Rasheed1 · Naser A. Anjum1 · Asim Masood1 · Adriano Sofo2 · Nafees A. Khan1 Received: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The salinization of agriculture soils over the globe has become one of the most devastating stresses and is significantly limiting cultivated land area, and crop productivity and quality. It is very imperative to explore both salinity tolerance in plants and insights into approaches (and underlying mechanisms) for effectively controlling salinity impacts. To this end, the role of phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and plant nutrient sulfur (S) in promoting salinity tolerance has been researched in isolated studies, and SA–S interaction results have been little discussed. Given this, taking into account recent literature on SA, S and soil salinity, this paper aimed to (i) overview of the major impacts of soil salinity on plant health; (ii) highlight the significance of SA and S in improving plant salinity tolerance; (iii) discuss the role and underlying mechanism of SA, S and their interaction in the modulation of plant growth and development under salinity stress; and also to (iv) appraise the discussed literature and enlighten the major prospects. Keywords Salinity · Sulfur · Salicylic acid · Phytohormones · Salinity tolerance
Introduction Salinity stress and plant health The world agriculture is under serious threat due to the increasing human population, and reduction in the arable land (Shahbaz and Ashraf 2013). Additionally, abiotic stresses as a major contributing factor decrease productivity by more than 50%. One of the factors, salinity stress, is increasing rapidly and is becoming the main concern for reductions in crop productivity and quality (Shahbaz and Ashraf 2013). Notably, the increasing salinization of world cultivable lands at an annual rate of 10% has been estimated to be culminated into more than 50% of the arable land be salinized by the year 2050 (Jamil et al. * Nafees A. Khan [email protected] 1
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
2
2011). The soil salinity may develop as natural or induced by human activity. The long-term natural accumulation of salts (including Cl− of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ and sometimes SO42− and CO32−) in the soil or surface water contributes to the primary or natural salinity. On the other hand, the disruption of the hydrologic balance of the soil between water applied (irrigation or rainfall) and water used by crops (transpiration) as a result of anthropogenic activities cause the secondary soil salinity (Munns 2005; Hasanuzzaman et al. 2011). Soils are regarded as saline when the saturation extracts (ECe) in th
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