Salicylic Acid and Calcium Signaling Induce Physiological and Phytochemical Changes to Improve Salinity Tolerance in Red
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Salicylic Acid and Calcium Signaling Induce Physiological and Phytochemical Changes to Improve Salinity Tolerance in Red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Hai Ly Hoang 1 & Constancio C. de Guzman 2 & Nina M. Cadiz 2 & Thi Thai Hoa Hoang 1 & Dang Hoa Tran 1 & H. Rehman 3 Received: 21 September 2019 / Accepted: 1 April 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is a plant that is rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. It is grown as a leafy vegetable in marginal environments, but high salinity levels in the soil can have a detrimental effect on its growth. These deleterious effects of salinity can be alleviated by exogenously applying signaling compounds such as salicylic acid (SA) and calcium (Ca), which can improve plant adaptation to stressful conditions. The present study evaluated the physiological and phytochemical responses of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) to foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA; 0.005 mM) and calcium (CaSO4·2H2O; Ca, 2.5 mM) either alone or in combination (SA + Ca) under conditions of 100 mM NaCl salinity. The set-up was placed under greenhouse condition from May to October 2017. Treatments without salinity and applied with SA or Ca were used as controls for comparison. Salinity stress reduced the growth and biomass, total chlorophyll contents, and increased electrolyte leakage with Na+ and Cl− accumulation in shoot and roots. Nonetheless, exogenous applied SA and/or Ca2+ reduced the adverse effects of salinity by modulating growth, Na+ exclusion from roots, and increased total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in red amaranth. The combined application of salicylic acid and calcium can be a better strategy for improving the salinity tolerance of amaranth under salt-stressed conditions. Keywords Salt stress . Total phenolics . Flavonoid . Antioxidant activity . NaCl content
1 Introduction Among abiotic stresses, salinity adversely affects about 50% of the agricultural land and 20% of the total land area worldwide (Hussain et al. 2018). This figure is expected to rise due to high water tables and the inappropriate drainage of croplands (Munns and Gilliham 2015). Vietnam is located in the sub-tropical region with 3260 km of coastline, and agricultural production severely affected high salinity levels in the soil (McElwee 2017). Approximately 70% of 161,027 ha of
* Hai Ly Hoang [email protected] 1
University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
2
University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
3
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
agricultural land used for rice (Oryza sativa L.), vegetables, fruits, and industrial plants is affected by salinity (United Nations in Vietnam 2016). Furthermore, with rises in sea level and further decreases in rainfall forecast, a rapid increase in saline intrusion into surface water and groundwater is expected in this region (Sebastian et al. 2016). Therefore, maintainin
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