The Language of Evaluation Appraisal in English

This is the first comprehensive account of the Appraisal Framework. The underlying linguistic theory is explained and justified, and the application of this flexible tool, which has been applied to a wide variety of text and discourse analysis issues, is

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J.R. Martin and P.R.R. White

The Language of Evaluation

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The Language of Evaluation Appraisal in English

J. R. Martin and

P. R. R. White

© J. R. Martin and P. R. R. White 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-0409-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-0410-2 ISBN 978-0-230-51191-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230511910 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martin, J. R. The language of evaluation : appraisal in English / J.R. Martin and P.R.R. White. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. 1. English language – Semantics. 2. English language – Usage. 3. Evaluation – Terminology. I. White, P.R.R. (Peter Robert Rupert), 1956– II. Title. PE1585.M29 2005 420.1⬘43—dc22 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

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Contents List of Figures

vii

List of Tables

ix

Acknowledgements

x

Preface

xi

1

1

2

Introduction 1.1 Modelling appraisal resources 1.2 Appraisal in a functional model of language 1.3 Situating appraisal in SFL 1.4 Appraisal – an overview 1.5 Appraisal and other traditions of evaluative language analysis 1.6 Outline of this book

1 7 33 34

Attitude: Ways of Feeling

42

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

42 45 52 56 58 61 68 69

Kinds of feeling Affect Judgement Appreciation Borders Indirect realisations Beyond attitude Analysing attitude

3 Engagement and Graduation: Alignment, Solidarity and the Construed Reader 3.1 Introduction: a dialogic perspective 3.2 Value position, alignment and the putative reader 3.3 The resources of intersubjective stance: an overview of engagement 3.4 Engagement and the dialogi