The Linoleic-to-Linolenic Dietary Intake Ratio: The Fundamental Implications of Imbalance and Excess Looked at from Both
Photons energise electrons, fuelling redox reactions. Substrate availability; quantum properties and so potential interactions; environmental conditions, including polarised UV light, volcanic mineral enriched vapour and waters, sulphur, halogen interacti
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Robert Andrew Brown Terms
AA ACOX ALA ATP COX CO2 DHA GLA LA LOX MDA O2 PPAR Oxo-HODE SO2 TRPV1 UV VEGF 4HNE 13HODE
Arachidonic acid (Omega 6 20 carbon derivative of LA) Acyl-CoA oxidase (first step in peroxisomal beta-oxidation) Alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3 18 carbon plant polyunsaturated fat) Adenosine triphosphate (enzyme used as an energy carrier) Cyclooxygenase (enzymes catalysing oxidation of fatty acids) Carbon dioxide (common atmospheric gas) Docosahexaenoic acid (Omega-3 22 carbon derivative of ALA) Gamma Linoleic acid (Omega 6 18 carbon plant polyunsaturated fat) Linoleic acid (Omega 6 18 carbon plant polyunsaturated fat) Lipoxygenase (enzymes catalysing oxidation) Malonaldehyde (non-exclusive LA and ALA oxidation product) Oxygen (common atmospheric gas) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (Protein regulating gene expression) Oxooctadecadienoic acid (oxidation product of 13HODE) Sulphur dioxide (atmospheric gas) Capsaicin receptor (pain and temperature-related receptor) Ultraviolet light (UVC, B and A being subgroups) Vascular endothelial growth factor (A protein signalling angiogenesis) 4-hydroxynonenal (exclusive lipid Omega 6 peroxidation product) 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (oxidation product of linoleic acid)
Evolutionary Importance of LA and ALA Introduction This overview seeks to gather, within an evolutionary context, diverse research highlighting the fundamental importance of Omega 3 and 6 plant-based fats, LA (linoleic acid), ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) and their oxidised derivatives (oxylipins) in early vesicles that facilitated the emergence of life and more widely; membrane structures, cellular signalling, UVB protection, energy and oxidative pathways including; photosynthesis, mitochondrial membrane function, peroxisomal activity; as well as immune function, defence, fat deposition, R.A. Brown (&) Chair McCarrison Society, Institute of Chartered Accountants, The Cottage, Le Coin Farm, Mont Cochon, St Lawrence, Jersey, C. I., JE3 1ND, UK e-mail: [email protected]
reproduction and wider function. LA and ALA are the predominant fats in plant material; without assistance from longer 20 and 22 carbon chain polyunsaturated fats, they have the capacity to support flourishing plant life. Some photosynthetic cyanobacteria and microalgae have developed the ability to make EPA and DHA, but many have not. This chapter has been written to be read in conjunction with a subsequent chapter on the relevance of the oxidised products of LA and ALA to mammalian and particularly human physiology. The particular structural, polar and electrochemical properties of fats, and their inherent chemical stability, as variably moderated by the introduction of double bonds, make them ideal structural components of membranes, a compact medium for energy storage and a substrate for messengering systems. Discussion of their structural roles is limited to the evolutionary importance of simple lipid vesicles to the development of life. GLA has been the subject of much research in humans, but is not central to
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