The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Its evolution and transmission into humans causing global COVID-19 pandemic
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REVIEW
The novel coronavirus 2019‑nCoV: Its evolution and transmission into humans causing global COVID‑19 pandemic Y. R. Rastogi1 · A. Sharma1 · R. Nagraik1 · A. Aygün2 · F. Şen2 Received: 28 April 2020 / Revised: 8 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract A novel coronavirus strain 2019-nCoV has caused a rapid global pandemic-COVID-19. Scientists have taken onto the task of characterizing this new virus and understanding how this virus has transmitted to humans. All preliminary studies have found some striking similarities between this new virus and the SARS-CoV that caused a similar kind of epidemic in 2002–2003. Through bioinformatics tools, a great deal of information has been gathered about the origin, evolution and zoonosis of this virus. We, in this review, report the symptoms, mode of transmission and available and putative treatments to tackle 2019-nCoV infections. We also comprehensively summarize all the information so far made available regarding the genome, evolution and zoonosis of this virus. Keywords 2019-nCoV · COVID-19 · Homologous recombination · orf1a/b · Phylogenetic analysis · Receptor binding domain (RBD) · RdRp enzyme · Spike glycoprotein
Introduction Since December 21, 2019, China has been under the grip of a severe epidemic with cases even being reported at a rapid rate from neighboring countries like Japan, Thailand, South Korea, Nepal and India as well as far flung countries like the USA, the UK, Italy, Germany and France (https: //www.who. int>docs). The cause of this epidemic is a novel strain of coronavirus earlier temporarily designated by World Health Organization (WHO) as 2019-novel coronavirus (2019nCoV)1, and the infection due to 2019-nCoV has been designated as COVID-19 (CO—corona, VI—virus, D—disease and 19 stands for 2019). The previous related outbreaks like the 2002–03 global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak that originated in the Guangdong province in China Communicated by M. Abbaspour. * F. Şen [email protected] 1
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
Sen Research Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100 Kütahya, Turkey
2
or the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) outbreak that originated in Saudi Arabia had a mortality rate of 9.6% and 37% respectively (Drosten et al. 2003; Fouchier et al. 2003; Zhong et al. 2003; Zaki et al. 2012; de Wit et al. 2016). The 2019-nCoV is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. Of these, four coronavirus strains HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL6 infect infants, the upper respiratory tract of the immunocompetent and lower respiratory tract of immunocompromised individuals causing mild cold and flulike symptoms. In contrast, the highly pathogenic SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infect the lower respiratory tract (bronchial epithelial cells) of immunocompetent individuals causing chronic res
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