The performance of mycorrhizae, rhizobacteria, and earthworms to improve Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon ) growth and P
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The performance of mycorrhizae, rhizobacteria, and earthworms to improve Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) growth and Pb uptake in a Pb-contaminated soil Ali Mahohi 1
&
Fayez Raiesi 1
Received: 4 December 2019 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The current study was conducted to determine the combined performance of soil micro- and macro-organisms to stimulate the growth and lead (Pb) uptake of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persi.) in a soil polluted with Pb-mining activities. Plants were inoculated with a mixture of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) species, and epigeic earthworms (Eisenia fetida) either alone or in combination. Results demonstrated antagonistic interactions between AM fungi and PGPR or between AM fungi and earthworms on the growth of mycorrhizal plants by increasing the availability of both phosphorus (P) and Pb in the soil solution and the subsequent reduction of mycorrhizal root colonization following inoculation of PGPR or earthworms. Plant biomass was negatively correlated with soil-available Pb, but positively with the percentage of root colonization by AM fungi. Additionally, mycorrhizal root colonization was negatively correlated with soil-available P and Pb concentrations. The triple inoculation of AM fungi with PGPR and epigeic earthworms as a bioaugmentation tool could result in a synergistic interaction effect on plant Pb bioaccumulation and uptake, enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation and eco-restoration of Pb-polluted sites. In conclusion, the use of Bermuda grass in association with functionally dissimilar soil organisms demonstrated a high effectiveness for Pb in situ phytoremediation, specifically Pb phytostabilization, to reduce Pb mobilization in the environment. Keywords Growth promotion . Microbial interactions . Metal mobilization . Lead phytostabilization . Soil fauna . Mining sites
Introduction Anthropogenic soil pollution with excessive concentrations of toxic metals is a major concern for the environmental quality and human health worldwide (Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee 2007; Ali et al. 2013). Toxic metals are harmful to human and animals because they accumulate in the food chain through plant uptake from polluted soils (Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee 2007; Gall et al. 2015). Lead (Pb) is a major toxic Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10636-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ali Mahohi [email protected] 1
Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran
element that anthropogenically pollutes the soil environment and causes serious risk for the existence of all known life forms and environmental health (Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee 2007). Lead is considered to be particularly toxic, decreasing plant gro
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