The potential health risks and environmental pollution associated with the application of plant growth regulators in veg
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The potential health risks and environmental pollution associated with the application of plant growth regulators in vegetable production in several suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam Van Nhan Le1,2,3 · Quang Trung Nguyen1 · Tien Dat Nguyen1 · Ngoc Tung Nguyen1 · Tibor Janda4 · Gabriella Szalai4 · Truong Giang Le1 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt. 2020
Abstract Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a pivotal role in increasing vegetable productivity, but they have many drawbacks that can include health and safe concerns of consumers. In this study, the plant growth regulators (PGRs) contents of 111 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. samples collected from six main suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, were determined by liquid chromatography—electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed the presence of PGRs residues in 83 analyzed samples (74.77%). Eight PGRs, including Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), 3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA), Gibberellin A 3 (GA3), Gibberellin A 4 (GA4), Gibberellin A 7 (GA7) and Trans-zeatin (tZ), were found in B. juncea with the average residues dropped in the range of 0.04 and 0.65 mg kg−1. GA4 was considered as the most popular PGR applying in vegetable production in the investigated areas. Notably, the concentrations of gibberellins were higher than the regulations in vegetables and fruits in Europe, USA and Japan. This might be the potential health risks to consumers and environmental pollution, which necessary to be controlled with consideration of residue regulations. Keywords Brassica juncea · Plant growth regulator · Gibberellin · Auxin · Cytokinin
Introduction Plant growth regulators (PGR) are molecules, other than nutrients which in small concentration impact on most physiological processes during a plant’s life cycle, such as growth, differentiation, metabolism, and morphogenesis (from germination to senescence) (Thomas et al. 1996; Wilhelm 2015). Nowadays, due to high demand for vegetables, PGRs are widely used in agriculture to increase production * Quang Trung Nguyen [email protected] 1
Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRETECH), Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
2
Graduate University of Sciences and Technology, VAST, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
3
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
4
Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár 2462, Hungary
of vegetables and fruits (Elena et al. 2012). There were several plant growth regulators usually applied in agricultural production such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and inhibitors. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a representative class of auxins which enhances plant growing processes. Gibberellic acid ( GA3) is the representative chemical for gibberellin group that has profound and significant effects on plant growth and development. Kinetin and zeatin are representative for cytokinin group. In addition, abs
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