Cytokinins as central regulators during plant growth and stress response
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REVIEW
Cytokinins as central regulators during plant growth and stress response Si‑Min Li1 · Hong‑Xiang Zheng1 · Xian‑Sheng Zhang2 · Na Sui1 Received: 20 August 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Key message Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of the plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, the potential regulating mechanism during plant growth and stress response are discussed. Abstract Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of plant growth, physiological activities, and yield. Cytokinins also play a key role in response to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt and high or low temperature. Through the signal transduction pathway, cytokinins interact with various transcription factors via a series of phosphorylation cascades to regulate cytokinin-target gene expression. In this review, we systematically summarize the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins, cytokinin signaling, and associated gene regulation, and highlight the function of cytokinins during plant development and resistance to abiotic stress. We also focus on the importance of crosstalk between cytokinins and other classes of phytohormones, including auxin, ethylene, strigolactone, and gibberellin. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the mechanisms by which cytokinins act as central regulators of plant development and stress reactions, and highlight topics for future research. Keywords Cytokinin · Biosynthesis and metabolism · Signaling and gene regulation · Plant growth · Abiotic stress response
Introduction Cytokinins are a group of phytohormones derived from adenine, which consist of a variety of molecular structures. The most abundant cytokinins in plants are adenine-type species. They are adenines replaced at N 6 with an isoprenoid or aromatic side chain (Skoog et al. 1967; Takei et al. 2001a). Replacement of the sixth amino group, the second carbon atom, and the ninth nitrogen atom results in the derivation of different cytokinins. Common cytokinin derivatives are Communicated by Neal Stewart. * Na Sui [email protected] 1
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
2
isopentenyl adenine (iP), trans-zeatin (tZ), and cis-zeatin (cZ). In addition, reduction of the double bond in the tZ saturated side chain, which is catalyzed by a zeatin reductase, forms dihydrozeatin (Mok and Mok 2001). Cytokinins are synthesized in bacteria, fungi, algae, and higher plants. They are involved in a broad scale of physiological activities, like the growth of plants’ shoot and root, cell proliferation, chloroplast development, vascular development, leaf senescence, bud differentiation, plant anti-aging, and biomass distribution (Al
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