The presence of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in swine feeds and feces: dependence on the antibiotic type and swine gro
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The presence of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in swine feeds and feces: dependence on the antibiotic type and swine growth stages Meilan Xu 1 & Helian Li 1
&
Shiwei Li 1 & Cheng Li 2 & Jinyang Li 1 & Yibing Ma 3
Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Swine farms are one of the important sources of antibiotics in the environment. In this study, 42 samples of compound feed and feces of swine collected at different growth stages from intensive farms were evaluated for the occurrence and concentrations of three tetracyclines (TCs, namely oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline) and three sulfonamides (SAs, namely sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, and sulfamethoxazole). To check for other additional sources of antibiotic administration, ratios (R) of the measured and the predicted levels of each antibiotic excreted via feces were also estimated. Our results showed that the maximum concentration of TCs was 376,210 μg kg−1 and 541,020 μg kg−1 in the feeds and feces, respectively, both for oxytetracycline. In contrast, the highest concentration of SAs were 16.98 μg kg−1 for sulfadimidine in the feeds and 14.70 μg kg−1 for sulfadiazine in the feces. The concentrations of ΣTCs (sum of the three tetracyclines) in swine feeds and feces were found to be 1–4 orders of magnitude higher than those of ΣSAs (sum of the three sulfonamides). Approximately 36% of the R values were found to be greater than one, indicating other sources of administration such as injection and/or oral administration (via drinking water) may also contribute to the presence of antibiotics in feces. Most of the higher R values were found in starter pigs, which were generally administrated with antibiotics by multiple routes to prevent disease and promote swine growth. Our study suggests that comprehensive measures may be undertaken to control antibiotic use in intensive swine farms. Keywords Swine farms . Feeds . Feces . Antibiotic levels . Tetracyclines . Sulfonamides
Introduction The substantial increase in animal production for consumption has led to the overcrowding of animal housing spaces and Responsible Editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10266-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Helian Li [email protected] 1
School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
2
Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
3
Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
greater risks of diseases, such as respiratory diseases including pneumonia as well as gastrointestinal diseases including bacterial diarrhea (Becker 2010; Zhou et al. 2013). As a result, antibiotics are extensively utilized in livestock farms across the world at t
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