The prevalence and risk factors of liver fluke infection in Mexican horses, donkeys and mules in tropical and temperate
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HELMINTHOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER
The prevalence and risk factors of liver fluke infection in Mexican horses, donkeys and mules in tropical and temperate regions Abel Villa-Mancera 1
&
Alejandro Reynoso-Palomar 1
Received: 15 August 2020 / Accepted: 27 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses, donkeys and mules from different climate regions in two states of Mexico. A total of 594 serum samples were analysed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with excretory-secretory (E/S) products as the antigen. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serum IgG ELISA were 100% and 97.2%, respectively. We collected data using a questionnaire. The overall prevalence of the parasite in equids between May 2018 and April 2019 was 13.1% (78 out of 594). The highest prevalence was found in mules (17.9%), followed by that in donkeys (13.9%) and horses (10.4%). In addition, the highest percentage of positive equines was detected in samples from the tropical climate (17.5%). The identification of risk factors was assessed by bivariate logistic regression analysis. Mules had 8.608 times higher risk for F. hepatica infections as compared with horses (odds ratio (OR) 8.608; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.809–26.377), while the OR for 6–10-year-old equines was 93.375 compared with that of young equines (≤ 5 years old) (OR 93.375; 95% CI: 11.075–787.239). Likewise, tropical climate equines had 83.7% increased odds for fasciolosis (OR 1.83). Keywords Equine . Fasciola hepatica . Prevalence . Risk factors . ELISA . Mexico
Introduction Fasciola hepatica is a common trematode parasite causing fasciolosis, one of the most widespread foodborne zoonotic diseases, affecting animal welfare and causing annual estimated economic losses of over USD 3 billion worldwide and USD 119 million in Mexican livestock species (Mehmood et al. 2017; Villa-Mancera and Reynoso-Palomar 2019). Fasciolosis affects a wide range of mammal hosts, particularly grazing animals in different regions, especially in temperate climates (Cwiklinski et al. 2016; Villa-Mancera and ReynosoPalomar 2019). Horses are resistant to infection, based on the failure to establish experimental infection after oral challenge with F. hepatica metacercariae, while donkeys are more Section Editor: Abdul Jabbar * Abel Villa-Mancera [email protected] 1
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 4 Sur 304 Col. Centro, CP 75482 Tecamachalco Puebla, Mexico
permissive hosts (Quigley et al. 2020; Williams and Hodgkinson 2017). Climate change affects ruminant health and productivity most significantly, and the knock-on effects on horses cannot be ignored (Williams and Hodgkinson 2017). Parasite distribution in the environment is extremely variable; to complete their lifecycle, the presence of sufficient moisture and a suitable temperature are t
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