The Process of Science Contemporary Philosophical Approaches to Unde

For some time now the philosophy of science has been undergoing a major transfor­ mation. It began when the 'received view' of scientific knowledge -that developed by logical positivists and their intellectual descendants - was challenged as bearing littl

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SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY This series has been established as a forum for contemporary analysis of philosophical problems which arise in connection with the construction of theories in the physical and the biological sciences. Contributions will not place particular emphasis on anyone school of philosophical thought. However, they will reflect the belief that the philosophy of science must be firmly rooted in an examination of actual scientific practice. Thus, the volumes in this series will include or depend significantly upon an analysis of the history of science, recent or past. The Editors welcome contributions from scientists as well as from philosophers and historians of science.

Series Editor Nancy J. Nersessian, Department of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board Joseph Agassi, Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, Canada, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Max Dresden, Director, Institute for Theoretical Physics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, L.I., New York, U.S.A. Marjorie Grene, Department of Philosophy, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A. Dudley Shapere, Department of Philosophy, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.

NANCY J. NERSESSIAN Editor

The Process of Science Contemporary Philosophical Approaches to Understanding Scientific Practice

1987

MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS

a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP

DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER

Distributors

for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LA1 IRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Process of science. (Science and philosophy)

Includes index. 1. Science--Philosophy. 2. Science--Methodology. I. Nersessian, Nancy J. II. Series. Q175.3.P785 lY87 501 8b-L3666

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8072-9

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3519-8

001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3519-8

Copyright

© 1987 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Table of contents

Preface

VII

List of contributors

IX

Notes on contributors

XI

Method in the philosophy of science and epistemology: How to inquire about inquiry and knowledge Dudley Shapere 'Twixt method and madness Thomas Nickles Historical realism and contextual objectivity: A developing perspective in the philosophy of science Marjorie Grene

1

41

69

Research problems and the understanding