The relationship between cognition, depression, fatigue, and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The relationship between cognition, depression, fatigue, and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis Pinar Yigit 1
&
Ayla Acikgoz 2
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Zaur Mehdiyev 3
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Ayfer Dayi 4
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Serkan Ozakbas 1
Received: 1 September 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 # Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland 2020
Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive, and neurodegenerative central nervous system disorder. MS usually causes disability, cognitive deficiency, fatigue, and depression symptoms. Objectives To assess cognitive functions of people with MS (pwMS) and investigate the impact of depression, fatigue, and disability on cognitive functions. Methods We administered the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery to assess 200 pwMS. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was used to evaluate disability levels. Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used, respectively, for fatigue and depression levels. Results EDSS and FSS scores were significantly higher in those with a disease duration of 5 years or more. Those with the EDSS ≥ 4 were found to have lower BICAMS performances and higher FSS scores. There was a significant difference in Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performances between the groups with and without fatigue (FSS ≥ 4 and FSS < 4, respectively). When depression and fatigue symptoms concur or in the existence of just one of them or none of them, significant differences in terms of SDMT performances have been shown. Conclusion The level of disability and fatigue adversely affects the cognitive functions of pwMS; depression has no significant effect. BICAMS that is specific for MS can be beneficial to assess the cognitive state of pwMS. Keywords Cognitive functions . Depression . Disability . Fatigue . Multiple sclerosis
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disorder that occupies the central nervous system (CNS); its pathogenesis includes axon loss and demyelination [1]. MS causes brain atrophy and widespread lesions or plaques in the brain and spinal cord [2]. These involvements in the CNS may result in disability in * Pinar Yigit [email protected] 1
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
2
Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
3
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
4
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
various areas, including motor, sensory, visual, balance-coordination, and cognitive impairment (CI) [3]. Different studies have reported the prevalence of cognitive decline in MS as 43–73% [4]. Cognitive areas affected are information processing speed, complex attention, visual learning, episodic memory, delayed recall, and executive functions [5, 6]. CI is a frequent symptom is explained by the existence of a significant number o
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