The retardation of polyacrylamide by ammonium chloride in high-salinity and high-temperature conditions: molecular analy
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The retardation of polyacrylamide by ammonium chloride in high‑salinity and high‑temperature conditions: molecular analysis Zulhelmi Amir1,2 · Ismail Mohd Saaid1 · Badrul Mohamed Jan2,3 · Munawar Khalil4 · Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah2 · Wan Zairani Wan Bakar1 Received: 23 May 2019 / Revised: 1 October 2019 / Accepted: 8 November 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Salinity effects on retardation efficiency of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the polyacrylamide (PAM) that influences the gelation time of PAM-based polymer gel are an interesting phenomenon. This paper presents a concise investigation by quantifying molecular interaction of PAM with NH4Cl in high-salinity and high-temperature conditions. This study quantified the ionic bonding of carboxylate group of PAM with ammonium ion of NH4Cl using zeta-potential, hydrodynamic radius, and hydrolysis degree. Experimental results show that in the absence of NaCl and NH4Cl, the overall magnitude absolute values of zeta-potential, hydrodynamic radius, and hydrolysis degree of PAM show a significant increase. The absolute value of zeta-potential reduces with the concentration of N H4Cl as retarder. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic radius and hydrolysis degree tend to increase with the concentration of NH4Cl, even in high salinity. The retardation process is also fairly affected by the exposure time of polymer to high temperature. These results give better understanding and provide additional knowledge as the conventional research did not fully reveal the efficiency of polymer gel with retarder that was prepared with high salinity for high-temperature application. Keywords Polymer gel · Polyacrylamide · High salinity · Hydrolysis degree · Zetapotential · Hydrodynamic radius
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s0028 9-019-03023-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ismail Mohd Saaid [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Polymer Bulletin
Introduction Excessive water production becomes a big challenge, which directly affects oil production. This high water production is associated with poor oil recovery sweep efficiency [1, 2]. Injected water flows to wellbore through its easiest own path in the regions with relatively higher permeability. Oil is bypassed by injected water and left unswept in relatively lower permeability region. In many mature reservoirs with long waterflooding history, water cuts can easily rise above 90%, challenging the field profit [3, 4]. It leads to reduction in well productivity, increasing in operating costs, early abandonment of the well, and unrecoverable hydrocarbon for mature oilfields [5, 6]. In such cases, a reduction in water cut always is necessary to have a bigger pressure drawdown and increase hydrocarbon production [7]. In order to minimize the water production, conformance improvement by reducing permeabili
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