The Rise and Fall of Culture History
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The Rise and Fall of Culture History R. Lee Lyman Michael J. O'Brien University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, Missouri
and
Robert C. Bunnell University of Washington Seattle, Washington
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloglng-ln-PublicatIon Data
The rise and fall of culture history / R. Lee Lyman, Michael J. O'Brien, and Robert C. Dunnell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-306-45537-4 (hardbound). — ISBN 0-306-45538-2 (pbk.) 1. Archaeology—United S t a t e s — H i s t o r y — 2 0 t h century. 2. Archaeology—North A m e r i c a — H i s t o r y — 2 0 t h century. 3. Indians of North America—Antiquities. 4. Archaeology—Classification. 5. Antiquities—Classification. I. Lyman, R. Lee. II. O'Brien, Michael J. (Michael J o h n ) , 1950. III. Dunnell, Robert C., 1942CC101.U6R57 9 3 0 . 1 — dc21
1997 97-14507 CIP
Cover illustration from J. A. Ford, Figure 3 of "On the Concept of Types: The Type Concept Revisited," in American Anthropologist 56: 42-54. © American Anthropological Association. ISBN 0-306-45537-4 (Hardbound) ISBN 0-306-45538-2 (Paperback) © 1997 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013 http://www.plenum.com All rights reserved 109 8 765*43 2 1 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Printed in the United States of America
Preface VJver forty years ago Gordon R. Willey (1953b:361) stated that "[t]he objectives of archeology . . . are approached by the study and manipulation of three basic factors: form, space, and time." A few years later, Albert C. Spaulding (1960b:439) repeated this thought using different words: "[AJrchaeology can be defined minimally as the study of the interrelationship of form, temporal locus, and spatial locus exhibited by artifacts. In other words, archaeologists are always concerned with these interrelationships, whatever broader interests they may have, and these interrelationships are the special business of archaeology." Many of the means Americanist archaeologists use to examine formal variation in artifacts and the distribution of that variation across space and through time were formulated early in the twentieth century. The analytical tenets, or principles, underlying the various methods and techniques were formalized and axiomatized in later years such that by the 1930s they constituted the first formal paradigm for Americanist archaeology—a paradigm commonly termed culture history. This paradigm began with a very specific goal—to document the history of the development of prehistoric cultures in the Americas. Although it fell from favor in the 1960s, many of its central tenets were carried over to newer paradigms and thus continue to be fundamental within Americanist archaeology. With Willey's and Spaulding's conceptions as our guide, we elsewhere reprint
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