The role of lysosomes in cancer development and progression
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(2020) 10:131 Tang et al. Cell Biosci https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00489-x
Open Access
REVIEW
The role of lysosomes in cancer development and progression Tao Tang1†, Ze‑yu Yang1†, Di Wang1, Xian‑yan Yang1, Jun Wang1, Lin Li1, Qian Wen1, Lei Gao2, Xiu‑wu Bian1 and Shi‑cang Yu1*
Abstract Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. Thus, lysosomes play important roles in cellular activity. In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer develop‑ ment and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. This study briefly reviews the above information and explores the potential value of lysosomes in cancer therapy. Keywords: Lysosomes, Cancer, Metastasis, Energy metabolism, Spatial distribution Background Introduction to the lysosome
Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system. This organelle was first discovered by Christian de Duve in 1955 and was so named because it contains a variety of hydrolases. Precursors of lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and then migrate to the cis-Golgi, where mannose residues on the oligosaccharide chain are phosphorylated to form mannose-6-phosphate (M-6-P), an important sorting signal for lysosomal enzymes. In the trans-Golgi network (TGN), phosphorylated lysosomal *Correspondence: [email protected] † Tao Tang and Ze-yu Yang have contributed equally to the study. 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
enzymes bind to M-6-P receptors, which direct the enzymes into clathrin-coated vesicles. Then, the clathrin lattice is depolymerized into subunits. The uncoated transport vesicles can fuse with autophagosome or heterophagosome to form autophagolysosome, heterophagic lysosome or phagolysosome. Lysosomes were previously believed to be the sites of the degradation of intracellular and extracellular substances. Therefore, researchers called lysosomes the “garbage disposals” of cells [1]. However, more in-depth studies showed this viewpoint
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