The Role of Neutrophils and Their Extracellular Traps in the Synergy of Pre-eclampsia and HIV Infection
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PREECLAMPSIA (V GAROVIC, SECTION EDITOR)
The Role of Neutrophils and Their Extracellular Traps in the Synergy of Pre-eclampsia and HIV Infection Merantha Moodley 1,2 & Jagidesa Moodley 3 & Thajasvarie Naicker 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of the Review In our innate immune system, neutrophils are the first cells to sense signals of infection and to proceed to kill the invading pathogen. This is mediated by their production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) to entrap pathogenic micro-organisms, preventing their amplification and dissemination. Pre-eclampsia (PE) is the leading cause of global maternal mortality, yet to date, there is no cure nor a gold-standard diagnostic strategy. The purpose of this review is to discover the role of neutrophils in PE as early identification markers. Additionally, this review aims to explore the role of neutrophils in HIV-infected pregnancies with PE as a source of synergy. Recent Findings Recent findings demonstrate an elevation of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in PE placentae. This is due to their activation by excessive release of syncytiotrophoblast microparticles (STBM). There is also an elevation of NETs in HIV-infected placentae—where histone H3 entraps HIV by binding to its glycoprotein envelope. Additionally, histones H1 and H2A inhibit HIV infection. It is interesting to note that women with both PE and HIV infection have supressed NETs. Summary This review focuses on the role of neutrophils in the synergy of PE and HIV infection. It is plausible that the deregulation of NETs in the synergy of pre-eclamptic HIV-infected women is strategic for the entrapment of the HIV-1 virus. Finally, it is plausible that neutrophils and NETS may act as early biomarkers of PE development. Keywords Neutrophils . Neutrophil extracellular traps . Pre-eclampsia . Human immunodeficiency virus
Introduction Neutrophils are derived from the myeloid lineage of haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow [1]. They have a spherical neutrally stained nucleus with three to five lobes which increase in number with maturity. Nucleosomes are located within the nucleus, containing DNA molecules wrapped around histones. The core histone components are: histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 [2, 3] (Fig. 1). Neutrophils are
the first cells recruited to the infected inflammatory site upon activation by pro-inflammatory chemotactic signals [4]. Upon activation, they express CD69 and exert a potent bactericidal effect [5]. Neutrophils form an integral component of granulocytes and contribute to the bacterial phagocytic arm of the innate immune system [5]. Their short half-life of just 6 to 8 h in the blood circulation is dependent on the macrophage-mediated clearance of activated neutrophils from the site of infection and is designed to prevent physiological
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Preeclampsia * Merantha Moodley [email protected] Thajasvarie Naicker [email protected] 1
Department of Obste
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