The Roles of Gibberellins and Cytokinins in Plant Phase Transitions
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The Roles of Gibberellins and Cytokinins in Plant Phase Transitions Naira Costa Soares Barbosa 1 & Marcelo Carnier Dornelas 1 Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Plants undergo distinct phase transitions during their post-embryonic development and progresses from the juvenile to the adult and reproductive phases. These transitions are characterized by morphological and molecular changes and are differently influenced by gibberellins (GAs) and cytokinins (CKs). GAs are notably known to either induce or repress phase transition and flowering in diverse plant species. This GA-mediated modulation is ultimately related to the behavior of the DELLA transcriptional regulators. CKs influence phase transitions by promoting meristem cell divisions and flowering stimulation. Moreover, CKs and GAs can mutually repress each other or have complementary functions in processes such as branching and flowering. Therefore, the effects observed such as flower formation and vegetative growth is modulated by the co-regulation exerted by the cross-talk of both GA and CK pathways. We review the roles of GA and CK in phase transitions at the molecular level in model species such as Arabidopsis and the genes that are modulated by both GA and CK pathways. Additionally we point out perspectives of the conservation of these molecular pathways in tropical plants. Keywords Cytokinin . Gibberellin . Phase change . Phytohormones . Plant development
Introduction Plant phase transitions are characterized by morphological (Araki 2001; Matsoukas 2014) and molecular changes (Mouradov et al. 2002; Voogd et al. 2017), which are triggered and regulated by both environmental stimuli (photoperiod and temperature) and endogenous stimuli (phytohormones and carbohydrate concentration) (Amasino and Michaels 2010; Srikanth and Schmid 2011). Since phytohormones play a leading role in all stages of plant development, their individual effects and interactions have been studied in several species (Evans and Poethig 1995; Crane et al. 2012; Tenreira et al. 2017). This paper focuses on the roles of two classes of phytohormones in phase transitions: gibberellins (GAs) and cytokinins (CKs). GAs are notably known to have opposite effects on flower transition in different species (De Dios et al. 2019). They are considered to either induce flowering
Communicated by: Rui Xia * Marcelo Carnier Dornelas [email protected] 1
Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato Street 255, Campinas, SP CEP13083-862, Brazil
in some, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Malus domestica and Brassica oleracea (Looney et al. 1985; Blázquez et al. 1998; Mutasa-Göttgens and Hedden 2009; Duclos and Björkman 2015) or repressing flowering in others, such as Prunus persica and many tropical perenials such as Eucalypthus, Passiflora edulis, Persea amaericana, Mangifera indica and Jatropha curcas (Griffin et al. 1993; Salazar-Garcia and Lovat
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