The Self of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Qualitative Study
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Self of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Qualitative Study Fumi Hanai1 · Miho Narama2 · Koji Tamakoshi1
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Self-development is a central developmental issue in adolescence, there are few studies describing the experiences related to the self in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted semi-structural interviews with 14 adolescents with ASD and three with ADHD to describe the self. As a result of inductive continuous comparison analysis, three concepts “Interest in self and self-realization”, “Intentionality and selftransformation”, “Unrealized/unnoticed self” were generated. It was suggested that the characteristic perceptions may tend to have difficulty realizing subjective selves.Otherwise, most adolescents realized various sense of self through interaction with others. Nurses should know adolescents’ inner world and share their emotions related to their self-recognition in order to provide care that meets important youth developmental needs. Keywords Self-development · Adolescent · Autism spectrum disorder · Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Background: Adults and Adolescents with ASD or ADHD Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disability defined by diagnostic criteria that include deficits in social communication and social interaction, and the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities that can persist throughout life (APA 2013). Attention deficit/hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) is defined by the core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention (APA 2013). Although many ASD and ADHD people have high intellectual abilities, they are prone to difficulties in relationship and emotional problems, so they require social and emotional support for a long time (Morioka and Yamamoto 2014; Shibata et al. 2011; Soo et al. 2018). The prevalence of children with ASD or ADHD is estimated to be about 5 to 8% in the United States and South Korea (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019a, * Fumi Hanai [email protected]‑u.ac.jp 1
Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan, 1‑20‑1, Daikominami, Higashiku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Department of Nursing, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34, Yamada‑chou, Yamasinaku, Kyoto, Japan
2
b; Zablotsky et al. 2015; Kim et al. 2011; Song et al. 2018). In Japan, the enrollment rate of children who are considered to require special consideration for learning and behavior is about 6.5% (Ministry of Education 2012). In adolescence, young people gradually shift their allegiance from home to society and develop an ego identity that is multifaceted but integrated and consistent (Hattori 2010). Adolescents often experience confusion, anxiety, depression, and increasing tension with their parents while establishing their identity and independence. It can be a time of instability, but currently there
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