The Social Evolution of Indonesia The Asiatic Mode of Production and
At a fairly early stage of socialism's penetration into the Afro-Asian world, a handful of European social democrats established an Indian Social-Democratic Association (lSDV). They did so in a country, Indonesia, that was economically little developed an
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STUDIES IN SOCIAL HISTORY issued by the INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL mSTORY AMSTERDAM
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SERIES ISBN 9024723477
THE SOCIAL EVOLUTION OF INDONESIA The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy by
FRITJOF TICHELMAN
translated from the Dutch by JEAN SANDERS
• MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS. THE HAGUE/BOSTON/LONDON
Distribu tors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 160 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA
for all other countries Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8898-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8896-5
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8896-5
Cover illustrations Front cover, left: Pakoe Boewono IX, ca. 1865 (1); right: Governor-General Johannes Count van den Bosch (2). Back cover, left: President Soekarno (3); right: President Soeharto (4). Photographs by kind permission of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology, Leiden (1,3,4) and the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (2).
The English translation has been made possible by the financial support of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).
Copyright © 1980 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers bv, The Hague. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1980 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers bv, P.O. Box 566,2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
vii
Glossary
xi
Abbreviations of Organizations List of Abbreviations and Selected Periodicals
xiii xv
INTRODUCTION
I. SOUTHEAST ASIA 1. Van Leur, Western Penetration and the Degree of Southeast Asian Development
11 13
2. Asiatic Variations
22
3. Southeast Asia
37
4. Indianized Southeast Asia: Similarities and Differences
51
5. Southeast Asian Varieties: The Hispanicized and Sinicized Sectors
64
6. Southeast Asia: The Conclusions reached by Bastin and Benda
89
II. INDONESIA
101
7. Islam, 'Asia' and the United East India Company
103
8. Colonial Policy in the 19th and 20th Centuries
113
9. Continuities
128
10. Changes
144
11. Conflict and Movement
170
12. The Trias in Movement: the Santris
194
13. The Neo-Priyayis and Soekarno
207
14. The PKI and the Abangan
230
