The Social Psychology of Sport

This book is written from the perspective of a social psychologist. As a conse­ quence, the topics covered in the upcoming chapters were chosen from among those traditionally of interest to the discipline of social psychology. A criterion for inclusion wa

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Gordon W. Russell

The

Social Psychology of Sport

With 20 Figures

Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

Gordon W. Russell Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta Canada TlK 3M4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Russell, Gordon W., 1931The social psychology of sport/Gordon W. Russell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes. ISBN 978'0'387'97792'8 ISBN 978'1'4615'8063'8 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-4615-8063-8

1_ Sports - Psychological aspects_

L Title.

GV706.4.R87 1993 796'.01-dc20

2. Social psychology. 92-34893

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the 'D"ade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Francine McNeill; manufacturing supervised by Vincent Scelta. Camera-ready copy prepared using WriteNow.

987654321 ISBN 978-0-387-97792-8

To Audrey and to the Memory of my Parents

Preface This book is written from the perspective of a social psychologist. As a consequence, the topics covered in the upcoming chapters were chosen from among those traditionally of interest to the discipline of social psychology. A criterion for inclusion was the topic's usefulness in providing insights and/or understanding ofthe social processes at work in sports settings. To this end, I have drawn extensively from mainstream journals in social psychology (e.g., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology), and grounded the discussion of topics and issues on the methodologically sound studies/experiments they generally provide. There is also an equally strong interdisciplinary emphasis that features research from physical education, sociology, management science, and education. I have made a further attempt, not as successful as I would have liked, to incorporate a substantial amount of the fine sports research that has been conducted overseas, particularly in Europe and Australia. I am hopeful that in bringing together the works of international scholars from a variety of disciplines a clearer and balanced outline of this field will take shape. And now a word about the audience for this text and how to get the most from its pages. I would suggest that the reader have taken a course in social psychology following an introductory-level course. An int