The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics
It is commonplace that in our time sc:iem:e and technology cannot be mastered without the tools of mathematics; but the same applies to an ever growing extent to many domains of everyday life, not least owing to the spread of cybernetic methods and argume
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CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS ~
THEVNR
CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICS ~~~~~~ WGellert· S.Gottwald M. Hellwich . H. Kastner· H. KOstner Editors KA.Hirsch· H.Reichardt Scientific Advisors
rnDBI VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD ~
_ _ _ _ New York
© VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig,
1975
Softrover repri1t of the hardoover 1st edition 1975
Mathematics at a Glance First American Edition 1977 Second American Edition 1989 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-26992 1SBN-13: 978-94-011-69844 e-lSBN-13: 978-94-011-6982-0 001: 10.1007!978-94-011-6982-O All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without written permission of the publisher. Made in the German Democratic Republic. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Van Nostrand Reinhold International Company Limited 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE, England Van Nostrand Reinhold 480 La Trobe Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Macmillan of Canada Division of Canada Publishing Corporation 164 Commander Boulevard Agincourt, Ontario MIS 3C7, Canada 16
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Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcation Data Main entry under title: The VNR concise encyclopedia of mathematics. First published under title: Mathematics at a glance. Includes index. I. Mathematics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Gottwald, S. II. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. QA40.v18
1989
510-dc19
88-26992
1
Contents
Introduction ..................•.....•...•..•.••.....•.......••.........•......... I. Elementary mathematics 1. Fundamental operations on rational numbers. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • 2. Higher arithmetical operations............................... .•...... ........• 3. Development of the number system............................................ 4. Algebraic equations ............•...•..•...•..•.........•...................• 5. Functions ................................................................. , 6. Percentages, interest and annuities ...•..............•..........•...........•.. , 7. Plane geometry .........•.............•••............•••••.•...•...•.......• 8. Solid geometry .................•...........•..••.......•....••.......•.•.•. , 9. Descriptive geometry ............•••••.•.•..............•.........•.....•...• 10. Trigonometry ...............•.......................................••..•... 11. Plane trigonometry ............•..........•......•.....•.........•...•...... , 12. Spherical trigonometry .....................................•.•..........•..• 13. Analytic geometry of the plane ...•.••....•.....•...•.......••••..••..••....... ll. Steps towards higher mathematics 14. Set theory ..................••.....••.......••..•.........••.•........•..... 15. The elements of mathematical logic ...............••................•..•.....
