The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a Persian Version Among a Large Sample of Psychiatric Patients
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The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a Persian Version Among a Large Sample of Psychiatric Patients Vahid Khosravani 1 & Mahmoud Najafi 2 & Ali Mohammadzadeh 3 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), as a measure of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), showed good validity and reliability. Factor analytic studies have studied various models regarding first-order and second-order factors by using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). A limitation of prior psychometric studies on the YSQ-SF is the reliance on normal samples. This study aimed to assess latent factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Persian-translated version of YSQ-SF in a large sample of patients with different mental disorders. One thousand and six patients with different psychiatric disorders completed the YSQ-SF, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Childhood Trauma QuestionnaireShort Form (CTQ-SF), and the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). The results showed that the 15-factor first-order and five-factor second-order models had more acceptable fits than other models. The internal reliability of the YSQ-SF in terms of Cronbach’s alpha was found to be good. Criterion, predictive, and discriminant validity of the scale was confirmed to be acceptable. The findings suggest that among the proposed models of YSQ-SF, the 75-item YSQ-SF with 15-factor first-order and five-factor second-order models has acceptable fits among Iranian psychiatric patients. Keywords Psychometric properties . Young schema questionnaire-short form . Factor structure . Validity . Reliability A theoretical approach which is effective in the investigation of psychopathology is known as schema theory (ST) (Young 1990). According to this theory, childhood trauma and other
* Vahid Khosravani [email protected]
1
Clinical Research Development Center of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
3
Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
unpleasant experiences during childhood lead to the development of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). EMSs are considered as memorial, emotional, and cognitive patterns about self, others, and the world (Young et al. 2003). It is believed that EMSs are vulnerability factors to develop various aspects of psychopathology such as chronic and acute posttraumatic stress disorder (Ahmadian et al. 2015), substance use disorders (Khosravani et al. 2016a, b, 2017b, c), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Kim et al. 2014), psychological distress (Gong and Chan 2017), panic disorder, OCD (Kwak and Lee 2015), bipolar disorder (BD) (Hawke et al. 2011; Hawke and Provencher 2012), depression (Renner et al. 2012), borderline personality disorder/traits (Barazandeh et al. 2016), schizophrenia (Bortolon et al. 2013; S
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