Psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire
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Psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire Nabi Nazari 1
&
Mark D. Griffiths 2
Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Emotions play a central role in scientific models of decision-making, human development, interpersonal processes, psychopathology, and well-being. The Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ) is a novel and multifaceted psychometric scale that assesses the dimensions of individual’s emotional styles. The present study evaluated the validity and factor structure of the Persian ESQ. The original version of the ESQ was translated and back-translated into Persian, followed by a pilot study. A sample of university students and staff participated in a survey (n = 822) which included the ESQ, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results showed that the Persian ESQ had very good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient: 0.84; Composite reliability = 0.89) and adequate test-retest reliability after four weeks (intraclass coefficient, r = .71 with 95% CI [.63, .77]). The confirmatory factor analysis model fitted the data well (χ2/ df = 2.86, CFI = .970, SRMR = .046, PCLOSE = .85 > .05, RMSEA = .048, 90% CI [.043, .053]). Also, measurement invariance indicated the ESQ had acceptable construct validity among different groups. As for criterion-related validity, the ESQ positively correlated with scores on the WHOQOL-BREF (r = .76) and PANAS-positive affect (r = .62), and negatively correlated with the scores on the OASIS (r = −.68), DERS (r = −.39), and PANAS-negative affect (r = −72). The findings provide evidence that the ESQ is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing healthy emotionality among Persian speaking individuals. The Persian ESQ can be used in psychological intervention and clinical research in Iran and other Persian-speaking countries. Keywords Emotion . Quality of life . Affective neuroscience . Validation . Well-being
Introduction Emotions and affects play a central role in scientific models of well-being, human development, interpersonal processes, psychopathology, and decision-making (Lobue, Pérez-Edgar, & Buss, 2019; Shackman, Fox, Lapate, & Davidson, 2018). In well-being research, emotional well-being and life evaluation are two aspects of fundamental subjective well-being (Kahneman & Deaton, 2010) that have received attention from a number of groups including psychiatrists and clinical psychologists (Norton & Paulus, 2016; Rosellini & Brown, 2019), educational psychologists (Linnenbrink-Garcia & Pekrun, * Nabi Nazari [email protected]
2011), and other health professionals (Anthony, Krysik, & Kelly, 2019). Emotional well-being refers to the emotional quality of an individual’s daily experiences, the frequency and intensity of positive experiences (e.g., enjoyment, hope) and negativ
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