Thermochemical behaviors and co-gasification kinetics of palm kernel shells with bituminous coal
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Thermochemical behaviors and co-gasification kinetics of palm kernel shells with bituminous coal J. Thiagarajan 1 & P. K. Srividhya 1 & P. Balasubramanian 2 Received: 30 April 2019 / Revised: 22 May 2019 / Accepted: 23 May 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract This work presents the effect of heating rate on thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of the imported bituminous coal (IC) and co-gasification of its blended form with palm kernel shells (PKS) of oil palm industry waste at different blending ratios. Thermogravimetry and pyrolytic kinetics of IC were determined by heating up to 1000 °C at various heating rates of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C/min. With the increase in heating rate, the degradation behavior of the IC improved with activation energy (Ea) and was found to be between 25 and 92 kJ/mol. While co-gasification with the blended form of IC with PKS at different ratios improved the degradation pattern, as well as the reaction and kinetic parameters with Ea ranged between 36 and 54 kJ/mol. The outcome of the study proposes the suitable blended form of this bituminous coal with PKS for efficient co-gasification on promoting energy mix and environmental aspects. Keywords Co-gasification . Thermogravimetric analysis . Palm kernel shell . Activation energy . Pyrolytic kinetics
1 Introduction Significant agriculture development in Southeast Asia provides abundant biomass from large-scale agricultural activities such as palm plantation. Around 90% of the world’s palm oil production is ensuing in Southeast Asia with home to three ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Palm oil is utilized for a wide range of purposes such as cooking, soaps, cosmetics, paints, and for biodiesel production [1–3]. Palm oil accounts 80% among import of edible oils Highlights • Palm kernel shells (PKS) and imported bituminous coal (IC) were feedstocks. • Co-gasification studies were carried out at various blending ratios. • Thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolytic kinetics, and syngas production were evaluated. • Activation energy of bituminous coal were 25–92 kJ/mol. • Activation energy for the blended substrates varied from 36 to 54 kJ/mol * J. Thiagarajan [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur 613404, India
2
Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
by India demands the promotion of oil palm development program under the National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil palm (NMOOP). It is due to the fact that palm is the main perennial edible oil crop that requires a section of the cultivation lands compared to other oilseeds [4]. The oil palm biomass may be defined as organic materials (edible/non-edible) in a solid or liquid form which is produced by oil palm industry during harvesting, crushing, refining, and milling of palm kernel oil [5]. In palm oil processing industries, quite a fe
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