Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasms
The thyroid and adjacent parathyroid glands demonstrate a variety of benign and malignant pathology, with nodular thyroid disease being the most common pathology encountered in most routine head and neck imaging practice. A variety of thyroid cancers exis
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Contents
Abstract
1
Introduction
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2
Thyroid Anatomy
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3
Thyroid Gland Imaging Modalities
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4
Thyroid Nodules
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5 T hyroid Cancer 5.1 P apillary Thyroid Cancer 5.2 Follicular Adenoma and Follicular Thyroid Cancer 5.3 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma 5.4 Medullary Thyroid Cancer 5.5 Thyroid Lymphoma 5.6 Thyroid Metastases
The thyroid and adjacent parathyroid glands demonstrate a variety of benign and malignant pathology, with nodular thyroid disease being the most common pathology encountered in most routine head and neck imaging practice. A variety of thyroid cancers exist, and imaging strategy for staging, surveillance and follow-up depend upon the cancer type. The importance of parathyroid gland imaging in both benign disease, primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), and the less common parathyroid carcinoma has seen recent advances. An understanding of the available imaging modalities, pathologies and options for imaging thyroid and parathyroid disorders is essential.
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6
Imaging of Papillary Microcarcinoma
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Post-operative Thyroid Cancer Imaging 000
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Parathyroid Imaging Modalities
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Parathyroid Adenoma
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10 Parathyroid Carcinoma
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References
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S. Colley (*) Imaging Xray Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK e-mail: [email protected]
1
Introduction
The thyroid and adjacent parathyroid glands demonstrate a variety of benign and malignant pathology, with nodular thyroid disease being the most common pathology encountered in most routine head and neck imaging practice. A variety of thyroid cancers exist, and imaging strategy for staging, surveillance and follow-up depend upon the cancer type. The importance of parathyroid gland imaging in both benign disease, primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), and the less common parathyroid carcinoma has seen recent
Med Radiol Diagn Imaging (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2020_237, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG
S. Colley
advances. An understanding of the available imaging modalities, pathologies and options for imaging thyroid and parathyroid disorders is essential.
2
Thyroid Anatomy
The thyroid gland lies in the lower anterior neck, contained within the visceral space of the deep cervical fascia. The gland comprises two lobes, connected by the thyroid isthmus which lies anterior to the upper tracheal rings. A pyramidal lobe may exist, extending superiorly from the isthmus, as a remnant of the embryological thyroglossal duct. Within the visceral space, the thyroid lies posterior to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid strap muscles, and abuts the anterior and lateral aspects of the proximal trachea. Posteriorly lie the oesophagus, longus colli muscles and spine. Laterally the thyroid gland is intimately related with the neurovascular structures of the carotid sheath, and a number of critical vessels have direct anatomical relatio
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