Topography analysis of grit-blasted and grit-blasted-acid-etched titanium implant surfaces using multi-scale measurement
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S. Adam Hacking Division of Orthopedics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
Srikar Vengallatorea) Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada (Received 28 February 2008; accepted 11 July 2008)
Micro texturing of titanium implant surfaces is commonly used to enhance fixation by osseointegration, and devising robust and specific correlations between surface topographic features and implant performance is an area of active current research. In this context, we present a detailed analysis of the topographies of titanium surfaces prepared by grit blasting (GB) and grit blasting followed by acid etching (GB+AE) at two different imaging scales over a full range of statistical parameters. The surfaces were characterized using white light interferometry and atomic force microscopy, and the topographic images were processed to extract the amplitude, spatial, hybrid, and functional parameters of the surface. Although GB+AE surfaces are known to elicit significantly higher bone response than GB surfaces, the topographies differed by less than 20% (over all parameters) when averaged over 242 × 181 m interferometric images. In contrast, measurements over smaller 25 × 25 m areas obtained using high-resolution atomic force microscopy indicated that the GB+AE surfaces exhibit a 26% increase in root-mean-square (rms) roughness, a 63% increase in rms slope, a 75% increase in the curvature of the summits, and a 21% increase in surface area over GB surfaces. These results constitute the first identification of rms slope and summit curvatures as important topographic variables that must be considered in ongoing efforts to correlate surface topography with the performance of endosseous titanium implants.
I. INTRODUCTION
For over two decades, micro-textured titanium surfaces have been successfully used for the fixation of dental and orthopedic implants by bone apposition. Modification of the implant surface with micron- and submicron-sized features presents a persistent, efficacious, and relatively inexpensive means for facilitating osseointegration. Despite widespread clinical use, however, the identity of the fundamental parameters of implant surface topography that are responsible for improving the rate and extent of new bone formation remains largely unknown. Therefore, devising robust and specific correlations between surface topographic parameters and implant performance continues to be an area of active
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Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2008.0341 2704
http://journals.cambridge.org
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 23, No. 10, Oct 2008 Downloaded: 15 Mar 2015
current research. In this context, this work presents a detailed analysis of the topography of titanium implants subjected to two commercial and widely used surfacemodification processes, namely, grit-blasting (GB) and grit-blasting followed by acid-etching (GB+AE). Grit blasting consists of bombarding titanium implant surfaces with irregularly shaped,
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