Failure Analysis of Titanium-Based Dental Implant
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TECHNICAL ARTICLE—PEER-REVIEWED
Failure Analysis of Titanium-Based Dental Implant Ca´ssio Barbosa • Joˆneo Lopes do Nascimento • Robson Oliveira Centeno • Ieˆda Maria Vieira Caminha Ibrahim de Cerqueira Abud
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Submitted: 1 October 2009 / in revised form: 20 October 2009 / Published online: 18 December 2009 Ó ASM International 2009
Abstract Metallic materials designed for applications in orthopedic or dental surgical implants must show a group of properties, including biocompatibility, mechanical strength and resistance to degradation (by wear or corrosion) outstand. In order to assure that the properties are achieved, the implant materials must fulfill certain requirements, usually specified in standards. The standards also include chemical composition, microstructure and even macrographic aspects. The main aim of this work was to perform a failure analysis on a titanium-based dental implant and connect the possible causes of failure with the associated material requirements which were previously mentioned. Evaluation techniques included metallographic analysis by optical microscopy and fractographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the examinations suggested that, in spite of their adequate microstructures, the implants fractured due to the overload generated by stress raisers which were found in the implants. Keywords
Failure analysis Implants Microscopy
Introduction The increased life expectancy of the world population in the last decades has led to a significant increase in the use of surgical implants to replace teeth and improve articulation in affected patients although other factors such as
C. Barbosa (&) J. L. do Nascimento R. O. Centeno I. M. V. Caminha I. de Cerqueira Abud Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia (INT), Avenida Venezuela, 82, sala 620, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20.081-312, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
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scientific-technological progress and higher exposure of individuals to trauma risk, for instance, also contribute to this tendency [1]. In order to be used in surgical implants, no matter whether orthopedic or dental, materials must present certain properties including biocompatibility, strength (both static and dynamic), corrosion resistance, adhesion to bone and the capacity to be fabricated by different thermomechanical processes. Cost and availability are also important considerations [2, 3]. Usually the requirements of chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of metallic surgical implants are prescribed by standards developed by world-wide institutions such as ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) [4–9]. When the surgical implants do not meet the requirements of the governing standards, there is a strong probability that the implant can experience problems such as fracture, loss of adhesion and adverse reactions in human body such as infections, allergenic reactions and metallosis (cellular intoxication caused by the presence of metallic debris n
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