Tributyltin Induces the Tissue-Specific Stresses in Zebrafish, a Study in Various Tissues of Muscle, Gill and Intestine
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Tributyltin Induces the Tissue‑Specific Stresses in Zebrafish, a Study in Various Tissues of Muscle, Gill and Intestine Ping Li1 · Zhi‑Hua Li1,2 Received: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Because the mechanism of tissue-specific toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) in aquatic organisms has not been explained clearly, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chronic exposure to TBT on muscle-related energy metabolism, gill-related ATPase enzymatic system and intestine-related digestive enzymes activities in zebrafish. Male zebrafish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of TBT (10, 100 and 300 ng/L) for 6 weeks. Multiple biomarkers were measured (such as glucose, lactate, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, ATP content, ATPases, trypsin, lipase and amylase), which reflected more serious physiological stress with increasing TBT concentrations during the experimental period. Through principal component analysis (PCA) and integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis, the toxic effect of TBT in zebrafish was in a concentration-dependent manner. Shortly, the results of this study can provide new evidence for a comprehensive understanding of the toxic effects of TBT. Keywords Tributyltin · Zebrafish · Tissue-specific index · Statistical analysis Environmental health problems of the aquatic ecosystem have received extensive concerns, due to human and aquatic organisms are continuously being threatened with various chemical contaminations present in the water environment (Iglesias 2020; Peterson and Schulte 2016). Among different pollutants, the organotin compounds should need more attention because of their environmental persistence, and the biological effects at low levels (Zhang et al. 2017). Tributyltin (TBT), an industrial and agricultural biocide, has been banned in most countries as it showed potential toxicity to aquatic life, but considerable levels of TBT were still detected in environmental samples, indicating TBT remains a serious environmental risk (Batista et al. 2016). TBT concentrations in water varied from non-detectable to 93.8 ng/L, measured as Sn, in China between the years of 2000–2003 (Cao et al. 2009) and ranged between 0.1 and 103 ng Sn/L in India from 2007 to 2008 (Meena et al. 2009).
* Zhi‑Hua Li [email protected] 1
Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
2
Because of the sensitivity of biological effects caused by environmental pollutants, it is usually used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the potential biological effects of ecosystems (Ehrhart et al. 2019). Fish live in water all their lives, so some selected physiological parameters of fish are often used as indicators to monitor the health status of the aquatic system, such as the ATP enzymatic system, energy metabolism and digestive function index (Xie et al. 2019). To supply the energy demand,
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