Tuning of Fly Ash Loading into Chitosan-Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether Composite for Enhanced Removal of Reactive Red
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Tuning of Fly Ash Loading into Chitosan‑Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether Composite for Enhanced Removal of Reactive Red 120 Dye: Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Design Ali H. Jawad1 · Ibrahim Awad Mohammed1,2 · Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed3
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Crosslinked chitosan-ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (CTS-EGDE) was modified by loading fly ash (FA) particles into its polymeric matrix to improve the adsorptive removal of reactive red 120 (RR120) dye. The Box–Behnken design was used to assist in the tuning of optimum synthesis and adsorption conditions, such as the loading ratio of FA particles (A: 0–50%), adsorbent dose (B: 0.02–0.08 g), solution pH (C: 4–10), temperature (D: 30 °C–60 °C), and time (E: 20–60 min). The highest removal rate (98.8%) of 50 mg/L RR120 dye was achieved under the following conditions: FA loading, 25% (CTS-EGDE/ FA-25); adsorbent dose, 0.05 g; solution pH, 4; temperature, 60 °C; and time, 40 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of CTS-EGDE/FA-25 for RR120 was 220 mg/g at 60 °C. This work provides insights into the optimization of the synthesis of composite materials, which can potentially be applied in wastewater treatment. Keywords Chitosan · Fly ash · Crosslinking · Adsorption · Reactive red 120 dye · Box-behnken design
Introduction Environmental pollution from synthesized dyes is one of the most important problems being faced by environmental researchers [1]. Various industries worldwide use organic dyes as coloring agents for products, such as paper, leather, cosmetics, textile, and plastic [2]. The discharges of organic dyes into water bodies cause several harmful effects on aquatic organisms and humans [3]. Therefore, organic dyes should be removed properly before they are discharged into aquatic systems to preserve human health and the ecosystem. Several treatment approaches, such as Fenton oxidation [4], photo-degradation [5], coagulation–flocculation [6], adsorption [7], and nanofiltration [8], have been used to remove color pollutants from polluted water. Among these * Ali H. Jawad [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Collage of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq
3
Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
methods, adsorption is the most feasible and adaptable due to its simplicity in operation, nonsusceptibility to pollutants, reusability, high efficiency, relatively low initial cost, and low waste production [9]. Chitosan (CTS) is a linear biopolymer that can be prepared via the alkaline deacetylation of chitin [10–12]. CTS has unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility, nontoxicity, biodegradability, preferable adsorption capacity, chirality, and antibacterial activity [13–15]. Additionally, CTS contains amino and hydroxyl functional groups in its polymeric structure; these groups can serves as multifunctional ac
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