Tuning the interlayer of transition metal oxides for electrochemical energy storage
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Layered transition metal oxides are some of the most important materials for high energy and power density electrochemical energy storage, such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors. These oxides can efficiently store charge via intercalation of ions into the interlayer vacant sites of the bulk material. The interlayer can be tuned to modify the electrochemical environment of the intercalating species to allow improved interfacial charge transfer and/or solid-state diffusion. The ability to fine-tune the solid-state environment for energy storage is highly beneficial for the design of layered oxides for specific mechanisms, including multivalent ion intercalation. This review focuses on the benefits as well as the methods for interlayer modification of layered oxides, which include the presence of structural water, solvent cointercalation and exchange, cation exchange, polymers, and small molecules, exfoliation, and exfoliated heterostructures. These methods are an important design tool for further development of layered oxides for electrochemical energy storage applications. Veronica Augustyn is an Assistant Professor of Materials Science & Engineering at North Carolina State University. She received her B.S. (2007) from the University of Arizona and Ph.D. (2013) from the University of California, Los Angeles, all in Materials Science and Engineering. From 2013 to 2015, she was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Texas Materials Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. Her research is focused on the development and characterization of materials for electrochemical energy technologies including batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and electrolyzers. In particular, she is interested in the relationships between material structure and morphology and the resulting redox behavior and electrochemical mechanisms. In addition to her research interests, she leads an awardwinning international outreach project at NC State, SciBridge, which develops renewable energy research and education collaborations between universities in east Africa and the U.S. Veronica Augustyn
I. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
According to the U.S. National Air and Space Administration (NASA), the level of CO2 in the atmosphere has exceeded 400 ppm, the highest it has been in over 400,000 years.1 At the same time, over 1 billion people, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, do not have access to electricity. These environmental and human development factors lead to a pressing need for grid energy storage to enable the integration of sustainable energy conversion devices, which are typically intermittent in nature. In addition, portable electronics and electric vehicles continue to proliferate and push the performance of lightweight, high volumetric energy density storage devices. For these diverse applications, electrochemical energy storage is the primary energy storage technology due to the large number of Contributing Editor: Chongmin Wang a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.337
chemist
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