Turning Points in the History of Mathematics

This book explores some of the major turning points in the history of mathematics, ranging from ancient Greece to the present, demonstrating the drama that has often been a part of its evolution.  Studying these breakthroughs, transitions, and revolu

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For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11225

Compact Textbooks in Mathematics This textbook series presents concise introductions to current topics in mathematics and mainly addresses advanced undergraduates and master students. The concept is to offer small books covering subject matter equivalent to 2- or 3-hour lectures or seminars which are also suitable for self-study. The books provide students and teachers with new perspectives and novel approaches. They feature examples and exercises to illustrate key concepts and applications of the theoretical contents. The series also includes textbooks specifically speaking to the needs of students from other disciplines such as physics, computer science, engineering, life sciences, finance. •  compact: small books presenting the relevant knowledge •  learning made easy: examples and exercises illustrate the application of the contents •  useful for lecturers: each title can serve as basis and guideline for a 2-3 hours course/lecture/seminar

Hardy Grant Israel Kleiner

Turning Points in the History of Mathematics

Hardy Grant Department of Mathematics and Statistics York University Toronto, Ontario Canada

Israel Kleiner Department of Mathematics and Statistics York University Toronto, Ontario Canada

ISSN 2296-4568 ISBN 978-1-4939-3263-4 DOI 10.10.1007/978-1-4939-3264-1 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

ISSN 2296-455X (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4939-3264-1 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015952852 Birkhäuser © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

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Preface The development of mathematics has not followed a smooth or continuous curve, although in hindsight we may think so. As the mathematician and historian of mathematics Eric Temple Bell (1883–1960) said: “Nothing is easier … than to fit a deceptivel