TV watching in the new millennium: insights from Europe
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TV watching in the new millennium: insights from Europe Maria Rosa Battaggion1,2 · Alessandro Vaglio1 Received: 11 August 2019 / Revised: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 7 January 2020 © Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale 2020
Abstract In the present paper we empirically investigate the economic reasons why people spend time watching television both for informative and leisure purposes. We consider individual characteristics and country-level features. Particular attention is devoted to the impact of education and economic status on the allocation of time to TV and new media. We use data from the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 5—2010, 2012 and 2014 and from other minor empirical sources. Keywords Television · Information · Entertainment · Education JEL Classification L82 · L83
1 Introduction In the last 20 years the television (TV) sector has been transformed by pervasive technological change and the consequent introduction of new business models. On the supply side, the introduction of digital terrestrial television and digital satellite platforms, broadband and ultra-broadband networks, strongly increased the convergence between audio–visual services and telecommunications. On the demand side, the consumption of audio–visual services is increasingly characterized by a high degree of customization and expansion of available choices. The traditional passive watching of scheduled TV programs is consequently becoming just one of the many possible ways of consuming TV services. Not surprisingly, given these dramatic transformations, coupled with the fast growth of audiovisual services provided through the so-called new media, * Maria Rosa Battaggion maria‑[email protected]; [email protected] Alessandro Vaglio [email protected] 1
Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
2
ICRIOS Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
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Table 1 Average television viewing per person (min per day). Source: COE, European Audiovisual Observatory, Yearbook 2018
Journal of Industrial and Business Economics
Belgium
2010
2012
2014
2017
% change 2012/2017
182
188
185
181
− 3.7
Czech Republic
197
201
207
199
Germany
225
222
221
204
Denmark
198
195
173
138
5.0 − 23.1 − 0.5
Spain
239
246
238
207
− 8.5
Finland
172
175
176
149
− 4.0
France
236
230
221
205
− 3.5
Hungary
286
286
289
263
− 2.4
Ireland
205
203
194
153
− 13.8 9.3 − 9.2
Lithuania
204
216
204
214
Netherlands
191
196
200
155
Poland
242
243
260
251
Sweden
162
164
153
132
Slovenia
186
193
199
201
Norway
168
165
163
131
6.6 − 14.6 11.4 − 16.1
television watching time has changed in the last few years (see e.g. Waldfogel 2002). Table 1 reports the average TV viewing times in a sample of European countries (notice that the last column displays the rate of change in average TV watching weighted on population). The total percentage change over the five years considered
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