Twenty years of supramolecular solvents in sample preparation for chromatography: achievements and challenges ahead
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REVIEW
Twenty years of supramolecular solvents in sample preparation for chromatography: achievements and challenges ahead Soledad Rubio 1 Received: 1 January 2020 / Revised: 20 February 2020 / Accepted: 28 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) have progressively become a suitable alternative to organic solvents for sample preparation in chromatographic analysis. The inherent properties of these nanostructured solvents (e.g. different polarity microenvironments, multiple binding sites, possibility of tailoring their properties, etc.) offer multiple opportunities for the development of innovative sample treatment platforms not approachable by conventional solvents. In this review, major achievements attained in the combination SUPRAS–chromatography in the last 20 years as well as the challenges that should be addressed in the near future are critically discussed. Among achievements, particular attention is paid to the theoretical and practical knowledge gained that has helped make substantial progress in the area. In this respect, advances in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in SUPRAS formation and SUPRAS–solute interactions driving extractions are discussed, with a view to the setting up of knowledge-based extraction procedures. Likewise, the strategies followed to improve the compatibility of SUPRAS extracts with liquid and gas chromatography and adapt SUPRAS-based extractions to different formats are presented. Ongoing efforts to apply SUPRAS in multicomponent extractions and synthesize tailored SUPRAS for the development of innovative sample treatments are highlighted. Among challenges identified, discussion is focused on the automation of SUPRAS-based sample treatment and the elucidation of SUPRAS nanostructures, which are considered essential for their acceptance in routine labs and the design of tailored SUPRAS with programmed functions. Keywords Supramolecular solvent . Coacervation . Cloud point . Extraction . Chromatography . Organic compounds
Introduction Sample preparation for chromatography has become progressively more and more demanding in many areas such as food quality [1] and anti-doping [2] control, environmental analysis [3], assessment of human risk to chemical mixtures [4], and so on. Reasons for the demanding requirements are the high number of structurally unrelated chemicals to determine in a single chromatographic run, the low threshold limits set for many chemicals, the specificity required to avoid false positive and negative findings and the need for analysing a high Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. * Soledad Rubio [email protected] 1
Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
number of samples while delivering results in a short time. Attributes required for sample preparation procedures applicable in these areas include the efficient and sim
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