Ultrafine bamboo-char as a new reinforcement in poly(lactic acid)/bamboo particle biocomposites: The effects on mechanic
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ARTICLE Ultrafine bamboo-char as a new reinforcement in poly(lactic acid)/ bamboo particle biocomposites: The effects on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties Shaoping Qiana) School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; and State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
Yingying Tao, Yiping Ruan,b) Cesar A. Fontanillo Lopez, and Linqiong Xu School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China (Received 28 April 2018; accepted 23 July 2018)
In this study, varying contents of ultrafine bamboo-char (UFBC) were introduced into PLA/bamboo particle (BP) biocomposites as new reinforcements to improve the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the biocomposites. The new strategy was aiming to realize the synergistic effects of reinforcement and toughening of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites through a simple method without surface modification and other additives. The maximum tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break of 45.20 MPa, 540.50 MPa, and 7.53% were reached at 5.0 wt% UFBC content, which were slightly lower than those of pure PLA. The maximum modulus of elasticity of the ternary biocomposites was 5316.1 MPa at 5.0 wt% UFBC content, which was approximately 2 times higher than the pure PLA. Impact strength reached a maximum value of 38.56 J/m when the UFBC content was 5 wt%, and improved by 376% compared with pure PLA of 7.88 J/m. Meanwhile, compared with the PLA/BP binary composite of 20.50 J/m, it improved 88%. A concrete-like microstructure system was achieved (i.e., cement, sand, and rebar corresponding to PLA, UFBC, and BP, respectively).
I. INTRODUCTION
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a well-known linear aliphatic polyester, which can be produced from renewable resources (e.g., the fermentation of corn and potato starch and other polysaccharides).1,2 In the past decades, PLA has received extensive attention and in-depth research due to its excellent biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility.3,4 Additionally, PLA has proper mechanical and biological properties, making it desirable for biodegradable engineering package and medical instrument uses, such as fibers, films, plates, rods, screws, artificial cartilage, and pharmaceutical devices.5–7 It is considered one of the most important alternatives to nondegradable plastics. However, PLA suffers a low toughness, leading to a highly brittle material at ambient condition. It possesses a high strength and stiffness. For instance, some application areas (e.g., artificial cartilage and flexible packaging material) comprised of biodegradable polymers should not only have sound strength and stiffness but also have suitable ductility and toughness to avoid brittle fracture under application.8–10 In this regard, a feasible strategy to Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.201
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