Ultrasound in augmented reality: a mixed-methods evaluation of head-mounted displays in image-guided interventions
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ultrasound in augmented reality: a mixed‑methods evaluation of head‑mounted displays in image‑guided interventions Christoph Rüger1,3,5 · Markus A. Feufel4 · Simon Moosburner1 · Christopher Özbek3 · Johann Pratschke1,2 · Igor M. Sauer1,2 Received: 8 January 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 © CARS 2020
Abstract Purpose Augmented reality (AR) and head-mounted displays (HMD) in medical practice are current research topics. A commonly proposed use case of AR-HMDs is to display data in image-guided interventions. Although technical feasibility has been thoroughly shown, effects of AR-HMDs on interventions are not yet well researched, hampering clinical applicability. Therefore, the goal of this study is to better understand the benefits and limitations of this technology in ultrasound-guided interventions. Methods We used an AR-HMD system (based on the first-generation Microsoft Hololens) which overlays live ultrasound images spatially correctly at the location of the ultrasound transducer. We chose ultrasound-guided needle placements as a representative task for image-guided interventions. To examine the effects of the AR-HMD, we used mixed methods and conducted two studies in a lab setting: (1) In a randomized crossover study, we asked participants to place needles into a training model and evaluated task duration and accuracy with the AR-HMD as compared to the standard procedure without visual overlay and (2) in a qualitative study, we analyzed the user experience with AR-HMD using think-aloud protocols during ultrasound examinations and semi-structured interviews after the task. Results Participants (n = 20) placed needles more accurately (mean error of 7.4 mm vs. 4.9 mm, p = 0.022) but not significantly faster (mean task duration of 74.4 s vs. 66.4 s, p = 0.211) with the AR-HMD. All participants in the qualitative study (n = 6) reported limitations of and unfamiliarity with the AR-HMD, yet all but one also clearly noted benefits and/or that they would like to test the technology in practice. Conclusion We present additional, though still preliminary, evidence that AR-HMDs provide benefits in image-guided procedures. Our data also contribute insights into potential causes underlying the benefits, such as improved spatial perception. Still, more comprehensive studies are needed to ascertain benefits for clinical applications and to clarify mechanisms underlying these benefits. Keywords Augmented reality · Mixed reality · Extended reality · AR · MR · XR · HoloLens · Head-mounted display · Biopsy · Needle placement · Ultrasound · Image-guided · Ultrasound-guided · Ergonomics · Mixed methods · Evaluation · Usability · Human factors
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-020-02236-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Igor M. Sauer [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Augmented reality head-mounted displays (AR-HMDs) ha
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