Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System

UV radiation is an important part in the electromagnetic spectrum since the energy of the photons is great enough to produce important chemical reactions in the atmospheres of planets and satellites of our Solar System, thereby affecting the transmission

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ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 331

EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) Executive Committee J. M. E. KUIJPERS, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands MEMBERS J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. F. BERTOLA, University of Padua, Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESARSKY, European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany O. ENGVOLD, University of Oslo, Norway A. HECK, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, France R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, Boulder, U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K. F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, Princeton University, U.S.A. N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM by M. VÁZQUEZ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain and

A. HANSLMEIER Institut für Physik, Graz, Austria

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13

1-4020-3726-0 (HB) 978-1-4020-3726-9 (HB) 1-4020-3730-9 (e-book) 978-1-4020-3730-6 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

Contents Preface

XI

1 Historical Introduction 1.1 The extension of visible spectra towards the red . . . 1.2 Photographic plates and radiation beyond the violet 1.3 The Ultraviolet Catastrophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Laboratory experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Composition of the Earth’s atmosphere . . . . . . . 1.6 Balloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 The pioneers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.2 Observations of planets . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.3 Current projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Aircrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1 The pioneers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.2 So