Uptake and Distribution Characteristic and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Platycodon Grandiflorum (Jacq
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Uptake and Distribution Characteristic and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Platycodon Grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. with Growth from a Medicinal Herb Garden of Xi’an, China Guanjun Nan 1 & Xianxin Meng 1 & Ning Song 1 & Zhengzheng Liu 1 & Yu Liu 1 & Yunzhe Li 1 & Guangde Yang 1 Shaohua Zheng 2
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Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The different parts of Platycodon grandiflorum were collected from a medicinal herb garden to determine five heavy metal(loid)s (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu) contents at different growth stages. The data showed that the plant accumulated varying amounts of metal(loid)s in the order Cu > Hg > Pb > As > Cd. Five heavy metal(loid) concentrations decreased in the early growth stage and then increased in the flowering season. The contents of heavy metal(loid)s except Hg in the stem were relatively lower than other tissues. The flower of Platycodon grandiflorum can highly accumulate heavy metal(loid)s, especially for Cu in the flowering period. Pb, Cd, and Cu contents in stem generally increased with growth time, while Cd and Cu in root decreased during growth time. The average daily intake doses of five heavy metal(loid)s in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum were all below the safety guideline and the target hazard quotient was less than 1. Keywords Heavy metal(loid)s . Growth process . Platycodon grandiflorum . Potential health risk
Introduction Heavy metals are generally defined as those whose density is more than 5.0 g/cm3, such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and bismuth (Bi) [1]. Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous metalloid element that widely distributes in soil and water. As is highly toxic for the plant, animal, and human, and it is most often considered and determined with heavy metal together. Among them, some heavy metals are biologically essential, such as Cu, Cr (III), and Mn, and others are nonessential for organisms, including Cd, Pb, Hg, and As. Cd, Pb, Hg, and As are several major environmental toxic pollutants and widely presents in the environment [2]. These heavy metal(loid)s can be taken up by plants. Excess heavy metal(loid)s absorbed by plants could induce phytotoxicity to affect plant growth and development. As for
* Guangde Yang [email protected] 1
School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
2
Department of Anesthesiology and Operation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
medicinal plants, on the one hand, heavy metal(loid)s harm the quality of medicinal plants; on the other hand, they can affect the safety of medicinal plants. Humans could be exposed to heavy metal(loid)s and be poisoned by taking these medicinal plants contaminated by heavy metal(loid)s [3]. Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. (Chinese name: Jiegeng), commonly called balloon flower, is a species of herbaceous flowering perennial plant of the family Campanulaceae, and the only member of the gen
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