Health Risk Assessment, Composition, and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Drinking Water of So
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Health Risk Assessment, Composition, and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Drinking Water of Southern Jharkhand, East India Balram Ambade1 · Shrikanta Shankar Sethi1 · Amit Kumar1 · Tapan Kumar Sankar1 · Sudarshan Kurwadkar2 Received: 31 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence, distribution, health risk, and composition in drinking water are limited in India and worldwide. The main objective of this study was to find the contaminant sources, composition, health risk, and distribution of USEPA’s 16 priority pollutant PAHs in the drinking water samples collected between July 2019 to September 2019 from six districts of Southern Jharkhand. The Σ16PAHs mean ± standard deviation [SD] concentration values were ordered as East Singhbhum (ES) (21.5 ± 14.8 ng L −1) > West Singhbhum (WS) (16.57 ± 13.21 ng L−1) > Saraikela −1 Kharsawan (SK) (11.48 ± 9.92 ng L ) > Khunti (KH) (10.32 ± 9.09 ng L−1) > Simdega (SM) (9.96 ± 7.85 ng L−1) > Gumla −1 (GU) (9.41 ± 8.63 ng L ). The results show that ES and WS districts’ groundwater samples were more contaminated by the PAHs, which may be attributed to the presence of many small-, medium-, and large-scale industries and high vehicular density in these districts. The concentrations of lower molecular weight ring (3-rings) and middle molecular weight ring (4-rings) PAHs were dominant throughout all drinking samples. The concentration of the 3-ring PAH Anthracene and 4-ring PAH Fluoranthene were dominant in all districts. The molecular ratios suggested that the potential sources of PAHs are fuel combustion and coal, grass, and wood burning. Risk assessment shows that the incremental lifetime cancer risk and risk index (RI) were ranged from 0.02 × 10−10 to 4.93 × 10−10 for children and 0.01 × 10−10 to 2.98 × 10−10 for adults. The RI values for seven carcinogenic PAHs were 8.83 × 10−10 for children and 7.38 × 10−10 for adults. Although the carcinogenic risks were within the permissible values, chronic exposure to PAHs through the ingestion of drinking water could still be a human health concern. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms and contain more than one fused aromatic rings. These compounds are the byproduct of natural and anthropogenic processes. They can enter into the environment through various pathways, such as anthropogenic input from oil spills, urban runoff, incomplete combustion, domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions (Nadal et al. 2011; Simpson et al. 1996; Zakaria et al. 2002). The inappropriate and unregulated disposal of industrial wastes and excessive human * Balram Ambade [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, Jharkhand, India
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fu
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