Urban Sprawl Evaluation Using Landscape Metrics and Black-and-White Hypothesis (Case Study: Urmia City)
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Urban Sprawl Evaluation Using Landscape Metrics and Black-andWhite Hypothesis (Case Study: Urmia City) Asghar Abedini1
•
Amin Khalili2 • Navid Asadi3
Received: 10 September 2019 / Accepted: 28 July 2020 Ó Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2020
Abstract The increasing population growth has caused a phenomenon called urban sprawl in most cities in the world. Urban sprawl has imposed adverse economic and environmental impacts on cities. Therefore, study, measurement and recognition of this phenomenon are essential. The purpose of this study is the identification and measurement of urban sprawl intensity in the Urmia city (capital of West Azerbaijan Province of Iran). It causes urban planners and managers to better plan for the future growth of the Urmia and achieve sustainable urban development with greater awareness and understanding. The present research is a theoretical–applied research purpose and is descriptive–analytic in terms of research nature. Several methods have been used for measuring urban sprawl. Nowadays, landscape metrics and spatial data are widely used worldwide because they detected urban sprawl with great detail and accuracy. Thus, in the present research, in order to measure urban sprawl in Urmia city, the black-and-white hypothesis and satellite imagery and integration of these data with landscape metrics have been used for the first time in Iran. In this regard, satellite images of 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2016 were collected with the help of Landsat satellite. These images were classified using an artificial neural network in two classes: built and non-built. Then the detection of changes was done using ENVI 5.3 software and also using landscape metrics (fractal dimension index, largest patch index, contiguity index, number of patches index and shape index) by Fragstats 4.2 software in order to measure urban sprawl in Urmia city. The results of this study indicate that urban sprawl in Urmia during the period of 1991–2011 had a decreasing rate and from then until now has been increasing and it will be continued. Keywords Urban sprawl Urmia Land-cover detection Remote sensing
Introduction As a living creature, the city deforms and spreads over time due to various factors (Varesi et al. 2013). The physical development of the city is a dynamic and continuous process in which the physical boundaries and spaces of the city expand vertically and horizontally (Arakhi et al. 2016). The & Asghar Abedini [email protected] 1
Urban Planning Department, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2
Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3
Urban Design Department, School of Architectural and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
growth and expansion of the city’s physical form is a process that affects all city systems and structures directly or indirectly (Sheykhi et al. 2014). Therefore, the pattern of spatial growth in cities is an
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