Urinary microbiome in uncomplicated and interstitial cystitis: is there any similarity?
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TOPIC PAPER
Urinary microbiome in uncomplicated and interstitial cystitis: is there any similarity? Süleyman Yıldırım1,6 · Daniel Shoskes2 · Sanjay Kulkarni3 · Pilar Laguna4,5 Received: 2 August 2019 / Accepted: 19 January 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Acute/uncomplicated cystitis is the most common bacterial infection causing inflammation in the bladder tissues and predominantly diagnosed in women. Interstitial cystitis may too, cause inflammation in the bladder but its etiology has been elusive. Even though the site and symptoms of both diseases are largely shared, state of the urinary microbiome in these disorders have not been comparatively evaluated before. The purpose of this review is to assess and qualitatively compare structure and composition of the urinary microbiome in acute/uncomplicated cystitis and interstitial cystitis. Methods and results The available literature in MEDLINE are extensively searched using keywords and screened. Pertinent evidence is carefully assessed and synthesized. We included the original studies with a cohort of medically stable, non-pregnant women with otherwise functionally normal urinary tract and excluded the original articles if the infection in a patient’s cohort is accompanied by urinary syndromes such as incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. A total of six original papers reporting on the urinary microbiome in acute cystitis and nine papers on the interstitial cystitis met the selection criteria. Conclusion The evidence we have gleaned from the literature on the urinary microbiome associated with the acute and interstitial cystitis does not point to convergence of microbiome similarities between the two diseases. More studies with direct sampling of the bladder tissues besides sampling bladder surfaces are warranted for accurate comparison of microbiome similarity between the two conditions. The future research on interstitial cystitis microbiome should include stratified cohorts with prospective design. Keywords Utis · Cystitis · Urinary microbiome · 16S rRNA · Metagenomics
Introduction * Süleyman Yıldırım [email protected] * Pilar Laguna [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Medipol University International School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, USA
3
Hi Tech Urology Institute, Pune, India
4
Department of Urology, Medipol University Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
5
AMC University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
6
REMER (Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University), Istanbul, Turkey
Human microbiome research has caused fundamental changes in basic concepts in medicine including infectious disease biology. The human body is increasingly seen as a habitat rather than a combat arena for the host and its intrinsic and extrinsic microbes. Some human organs and tissues, long considered to be sterile such as lungs [1, 2], b
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