Use of CO2 as Source of Carbon for Energy-Rich Cn Products
Catalytic CO2 conversion to clean fuels and chemicals is crucial for mitigating the climate change and reducing the dependence on nonrenewable energy resources. Converting CO2 by hydrogenation using heterogeneous catalysts has been extensively studied in
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Use of CO2 as Source of Carbon for Energy-Rich Cn Products Jiang Xiao, Xinwen Guo and Chunshan Song
Abstract
Catalytic CO2 conversion to clean fuels and chemicals is crucial for mitigating the climate change and reducing the dependence on nonrenewable energy resources. Converting CO2 by hydrogenation using heterogeneous catalysts has been extensively studied in the past decades, and the products distribution can be manipulated by selecting catalysts and reaction conditions. Generally, CO2 conversion to hydrocarbons and to alcohols are the two routes that have been explored the most, and significant advances have been made in developing efficient catalysts and understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of the two paths. However, effective catalysts and processes are required to selectively maximize CO2 conversion to either C2–C4 olefins, C5+ hydrocarbons, or aromatics and to minimize CH4 and CO. Catalysis for higher alcohols synthesis from CO2 is still in the very early stage and requires more fundamental research due to the lack of understanding the possible reaction pathways and of controlling the key intermediates. This review summarizes the progresses in CO2 conversion via heterogeneous catalysis for the two pathways in the past five years and discusses the origin of the activity and plausible reaction mechanism through a combination of computational, experimental, and analytical studies, along with suggestions for designing improved catalysts in the future.
J. Xiao C. Song (&) Departments of Energy & Mineral Engineering and of Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, 209 Academic Projects Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA e-mail: [email protected] X. Guo C. Song State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 M. Aresta et al. (eds.), An Economy Based on Carbon Dioxide and Water, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15868-2_6
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Introduction
The average concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has reached 408 ppm in April 2018 and increased by 20% in the past 50 years due to the intense use of fossil fuels according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the USA. Continuing emissions are expected to cause significant and possibly irreversible changes to the global climate [1]. Utilizing CO2 as a carbon source to produce clean fuels and chemical feedstocks provides an avenue to mitigate CO2 emission and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Due to the inertness, CO2 conversion is energy intensive when CO2 is a single reactant. However, the conversion is more thermodynamically favorable when combined with a co-reactant that possesses higher Gibbs energy, such as H2 [2]. Hence, CO2 hydrogenation (HYD) to clean fuels and chemicals is a promising approach to generating a sustainable process in which the carbon source in CO2 is recycled ef
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