Willows as a Source of Renewable Fuels and Diverse Products

Willows (Salix) have a long history of diverse uses which reflect the large variation in growth form, physiology and biochemistry that can be found within the genus. Perhaps the three most commonly known uses of willows are basket-making, cricket bats and

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Trevor Fenning Editor

Challenges and Opportunities for the World's Forests in the 21st Century

Challenges and Opportunities for the World’s Forests in the 21st Century

FORESTRY SCIENCES Volume 81

Series Editors: Shri Mohan Jain Hely Häggman Alvin D. Yanchuk

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5991

Trevor Fenning Editor

Challenges and Opportunities for the World’s Forests in the 21st Century

Editor Trevor Fenning Center for Forest Resources and Management UK Forestry Commission Edinburgh, UK

© Crown Employees UK 2014 for Chapters 1– 4, 11, 13, 14, 28, 35, and 36 © Crown Employee Canada 2014 for Chapters 17, 22 © US Government 2014 for Chapters 12 and 26

ISSN 0924-5480 ISSN 1875-1334 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-7075-1 ISBN 978-94-007-7076-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013955070 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This book is dedicated to my wife Efi and our two children, Anna and Gregory, whose patience and forbearance over many late nights and weekends enabled the completion of this book, and also to the late Duncan Greenwood CBE, FRS, who in life was always an inspiration.

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