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Ag decorated ­V2O5 nanorods as cathode material for lithium ion battery M. Shashank1 · F. A. Alharthi2 · Ali Alsalme2 · Nabil Al‑Zaqri2,3 · G. Nagaraju1  Received: 20 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract V2O5 nanorods embedded with Ag nanoparticles were prepared by a simple ionic liquid-assisted low-temperature hydrothermal method using methyl imidazole at 130 °C for 24 h. The obtained product has been characterized using XRD which shows orthorhombic phase of V ­ 2O5 with small amount of Ag having the average crystallite size of 25 nm. From the Raman spectrum, stretching vibration of V=O is observed at 998 cm−1. UV–DRS shows the energy gap of 2.41 eV. SEM images show fiber-like structure along with spherical particles. TEM images clearly show the presence of Ag particles embedded on the surface of ­V2O5 nanorods and average thickness/diameter of nanorods was found to be 30 nm with micrometer in length. Ag decorated ­V2O5 nanorods is used as anode material for Li-ion batteries and observed that it exhibits an initial discharge specific capacity of 295 mAh g−1 and its stabilized specific capacity reached to 182 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 C.

1 Highlights 1. V2O5 nanorods embedded with Ag nanoparticles were prepared by a simple ionic liquid-assisted low-temperature hydrothermal method. 2. Electrochemical property shows the good lithium storage property by exhibiting an initial discharge capacity of 295 mAh g−1 and its stabilized capacity still remained to 182 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles.

2 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have attracted enormous interest by possessing large-scale application in consumer electronics, daily application and electric vehicles [1, 2] because of * F. A. Alharthi [email protected] * G. Nagaraju [email protected] 1



Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru 572103, India

2



Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

3

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Ibb University, P.O. Box 70270, Ibb, Yemen



its low cost, higher shelf life and even possess high energy density [3, 4]. To improve the performance of LIB, further nanostructured transition metal oxide have been widely used as an electrode material because of its specific advantages and their novel physical and chemical properties [5]. To obtain high capacity and good cycling performance, transition and inner transition metals such as Ti, Mn, Cu, Sn, Ag and even core shell nanoparticles, etc. [6], were added to cathode material because of distinctive properties: nanowires, nanofibers, nanorods, nanocups [7], etc., have already been obtained by different methods such as sol–gel, combustion methods, co-precipitation, ultrasonication, ball milling, dip coating, hydrothermal, etc. Among these, hydrothermal method has several advantages for the preparation of electrode material for LIB b