Variation of soil microbial and earthworm communities along an agricultural transect with tree windbreak
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Variation of soil microbial and earthworm communities along an agricultural transect with tree windbreak Maxime Rivest . Joann K. Whalen . David Rivest
Received: 15 July 2019 / Accepted: 16 December 2019 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Windbreaks are among the most widespread agroforestry systems in the temperate biome. Tree windbreaks are expected to have unique soil properties and biotic communities, compared to adjacent agricultural fields. We compared key soil properties and communities of earthworms, bacteria and fungi along an agricultural transect through a tree windbreak into a cropped field. Soil properties, earthworm abundance and diversity, and bacterial and fungal alpha-diversity (16S-rRNA and ITS gene sequencing) were assessed along transects at distances of 0 (directly under the tree canopy), 8 (ecotone in the cropped field) and 50 m from the tree row in six
M. Rivest Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
mature (20- to 70-years-old) tree windbreaks located in southeastern Que´bec, Canada. Soil organic C, total N and C:N ratio were higher, while soil pH was lower in the tree row than in the adjacent cropped fields at distances of 8 m and 50 m from the windbreak. Each group of biota had a distinct pattern along the agricultural transect. Earthworm abundance and biomass were greater at 50 m than 8 m from the windbreak. Epigeic, endogeic, and anecic earthworms varied similarly along the agricultural transect. Fungal diversity was higher at 8 m than at 0 m from the windbreak. Bacterial diversity was higher at 50 m than at 0 m from the windbreak. Tree windbreaks made the soil environment in the ecotone more favorable for fungal communities, but less favorable for earthworm communities. Greater bacterial diversity was associated with agricultural activities than windbreaks.
J. K. Whalen Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
Keywords Temperate agroforestry Soil organic carbon Earthworm abundance Earthworm diversity Bacterial diversity Fungal diversity
D. Rivest (&) De´partement des sciences naturelles and Institut des sciences de la foreˆt tempe´re´e, Universite´ du Que´bec en Outaouais, 58 rue Principale, Ripon, QC J0V 1V0, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
D. Rivest Centre d’e´tude de la foreˆt, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Montre´al, Centre-Ville Station, P.O. Box 8888, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
Windbreaks, which are rows of trees and shrubs that are planted along agricultural field perimeters, are the most important, widespread and recognizable agroforestry system in Canada, the United States and many
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Agroforest Syst
other temperate regions. They provide high-value ecosystem services to society, particularly in terms of protecting crops, soil, water, biodiversity, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (Thevathasan et al. 2012; Baah-Acheamfour et al.
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