Versatile applications of three-dimensional objects fabricated by two-photon-initiated polymerization
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Versatile applications of three-dimensional objects fabricated by two-photon-initiated polymerization Cheol Woo Ha, School of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace System, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea Prem Prabhakaran, and Kwang-Sup Lee, Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, Korea Address all correspondence to Kwang-Sup Lee at [email protected] (Received 31 August 2018; accepted 25 October 2018)
Abstract In this topical review of two-photon stereolithography (TPS), we discuss novel materials and demonstrate applications of this technology. Two-photon-initiated chemical processes are used to fabricate arbitrary three-dimensional structures in TPS. In the first part of this article, the development of novel photoactive materials to fabricate pure inorganic or organic–inorganic hybrid microstructures is discussed. The second part discusses the fabrication of functional microstructures for highly specific applications to demonstrate the importance of TPS in different fields of science.
Introduction The manufacturing of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures at various scales is one of the main themes of the fourth industrial revolution. The 3D manipulation of materials in 3D printing is key to such manufacturing processes. Various strategies have been tried to fabricate 3D structures in a diversity of materials from 3D printed food to monolithic homes for space explorers. Printing of extremely small structures is a challenging task because of hardware and material limitation. Technologies capable of fabricating 3D microstructures with nano- or micro-meter resolutions are valuable tools for the development of nanotechnology, photonics, and biotechnology. Techniques such as ink-jet printing,[1] self-assembly,[2] layer-by-layer assembly,[3] lithography-electroplating-modeling,[4] interference lithography,[5] focused ion beam milling,[6] and laser-based photolithographic techniques[7,8] are being used to fabricate 3D structures for various applications. Two-photon stereolithography (TPS) has the potential to overcome many current limitations and is becoming the tool of choice for microstructuring a diverse range of material into complex functional structures. Scalable high-resolution manufacturing techniques can add value to the existing technologies or give rise to yet more innovative ones. The TPS process is based on the non-linear absorption of light by materials. Two-photon-induced chemistry is possible only with the help of high-intensity lasers. In the TPS process, two-photon initiated processes take place at the focus of a laser beam where the intensity is the highest. Such a stringent intensity requirement leads to high-spatial confinement of two-photon processes. This spatial confinement is key to the
TPS technique because it allows confined photoinduced chemical reactions. Such chemical reactions can be spatially manipulated inside a photoactive material by changing the laser focus inside the material,
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